论文写作建议
1. Introduction说明
The Rosetta Stone, key to the original deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs, has probably been the most famous language inscription on the planet. This massive piece of polished black stone, discovered in 1799, contains parallel messages in old Greek, hieroglyphs, and demotic, a cursive form of hieroglyphics, chiseled into its surface. Twenty-four years after its discovery linguists finally completed the decoding which permitted the people of the world to understand the writings and culture of ancient Egypt.……
罗赛塔石碑，破译埃及象形文字的关键所在，也有可能是这个星球上最有名的语言题词。这样一块大的抛光黑色石头，是在1799年发现的，包含类似古希腊的象形文字，和通俗文字，及草形式的象形文字， 其表面轮廓分明。 24年前，被语言学家发现后，终于完成了解码这使世界人民的知晓文字和文化的古埃及。……
概意：英语是世界语言界的“罗赛塔石碑”，是用于科学论文写作的最好语言。
Even if flowing exotic language is, unfortunately, not a good way to report research results, it is still a splendid way to write short stories, novels, and poetry. Perhaps English literature will forever have stirring pages filled with fiery words designed to inflame a reader's soul or poetry of soaring words intended to make one drunk with beauty. But these are not the words in which to report scientific results. Instead research is best served as if it were a meal, carefully prepared, arranged in an exact manner on a plate, and served cold.
概意：学科技论文不必要像写小说、或诗歌一样的对待，（用一些壮丽、温暖、富有感情色彩的词汇），而只要仔细地对待，用一个严谨的方式，表达清意思即可。
成功的写法：
Successful scientific writing today is done in a simple and direct fashion. First, the sequence must be precisely organized - not an easy thing to accomplish because so many things at first seem to need to be said simultaneously. Second, every sentence must be worded so that it is clear, with no alternate meanings available to innocent readers who were not in the lab with you, and therefore must rely only on the accuracy of your words.
概意：成功的科学论文，是以一种简单、明了，而直接的方式完成的，有几点。
第一：精确安排所写内容的顺序；
第二：要用非专业人员也能懂得的词汇来表达论文意思，这就依赖于精确词汇的使用，另外就是形象的比喻。
要点：
translate their scientific results into clear contemporary English,
write articles suitable for publication,
present their ideas at conferences, and, above all,
maintain their joy of life.
概意：用精确、接近时代的语言表达；语言适合出版；想法经过讨论；语言保留生活的感觉；
2. the art of creating a model to help you write
建立写作的模版
科技论文表达需求：
Editors of science journals today want all ideas in language that is directly to-the-point, straightforward, and in as few words as possible.
语言上直接针对观点、简单的、用尽量少的文字表述。
最好的模版：
All you need to do is to find articles written by native English speakers and published in recent international journals. In these articles you will find gold mines of excellent information about contemporary scientific English: In them you can find excellent, up-to-date teachers who can be found nowhere else.
现有的英语语种本土作家所写的文章，优秀、出色、金矿是其代名词。（同时代的）
英语语种本土作家所写的文章三个选择特点：
Each must be published in well-known international journals.
Each must have been published within the last 3-5 years, no longer ago,
Each must have at least one author who is a native speaker of English.
构建自己的模版：
方法：借鉴（借鉴上面说到的文章类型） 借鉴注意点：
going to design spreadsheets
Length and variety of sentence structure, including frequency of prepositional phrases.
Use of transitions, direct and implied.
Appropriate choice of verbs.
Verb tenses.
How articles begin and end.
How and when to give credit to other researchers.
Someone else's spreadsheets would probably be of little or no value to you.
要点：句长、句子结构、动词、开始和结束方式
Spreadsheets for you referencing
统计句子长度、句子结构，如：统计以形容词开始的使用频率，不以主语开始的句子，吸引你的句子，统计介词短语
统计转折句型，如：转折如何服务于文章意思，使用频率，同一个转折的连续使用等
统计动词使用的位置，如：定状……
统计动词时态及使用频率，注意前后时态一致性（这是论文的最后一步）
统计文章及段落开始及结束的方式，如：句型，是否表达一个观点……
研究 怎样、哪里、哪时（how where when） 信赖文章观点
注：上面只是一个参考（reference），你可以有自己的方式，统计出相关数学，那么这几个表（spreadsheet）就是你的模版（your model）
学术是一个发展的过程，那么模版同样也是一个发展的事物（extend）
设计代记符：（private code）
在写英语论文的时候，不要追求一步到位，可以在出现表达问题的时候，用一种代记符来代替他的位置，等整体工作完成或某一部份工作完成后，再回来连贯的处理。
代记符的原则：容易找到，或直接用中国代替。
Organizing the Sequence of Your Ideas
写前组织好各部份的出现顺序，方法：索引法，把各部份独立地写在卡片上，再对卡片排序。
In this technique, each idea is written separately on an index card.
Completing a first draft
In the first draft you should put little effort into details such as getting vocabulary right, guarding against repeated language, checking tenses, evaluating transitions. Instead, whenever you fear you may not be making a good choice, use your private code to mark the place, and move on. At this point you should not be interested in polished language. You have now completed a first draft. It is far from a finished manuscript but it is an accomplishment of which you should be proud.
要点：首稿不要过多集中于语法、词汇、时态等事情上，而是出一个整体的思路。
When you beginning a second draft, forgotten the thinking you did during your first draft
four problems:
The scope of the manuscript is too broad; this material should be divided into 2-3 papers and resubmitted.
The claim of this manuscript goes beyond the given data.
The manuscript is too lengthy, includes unnecessary details such as an overly long review of history, or redundancy.
The authors have failed to give appropriate credit to others.
要点：文稿泛围过广；结论不合实际数据；文稿过于冗长；忽略其他人所做工作
Goals in first draft:
In your first draft you established the sequence of ideas and events.
下面就是next draft了
Checking, rechecking, and rewriting
check all the places in your first draft where you used your private code. Replace all non-English words and refine the problems. Begin to turn to your spreadsheets for help. Work with them in whatever order you prefer, checking carefully through your manuscript with each spreadsheet and rewriting as you go.
要点：将代记符转化成英语；借助统计写作数据；修饰丰富
Main goal：ensure that the ideas in each sentence
would be clear to any other scientist in your field,
are referenced properly wherever credit should be given to others,
do not bore the reader with historic or other types of details that are not directly related to the topic of your article, and
do not insult the intelligence of your readers by over explaining the obvious.
要点：对于同领域人要清晰；考虑是否将被借鉴；不要过多或过详细的介绍历史等；不要轻视读者
Final draft
to make it as good as you have dreamed it could be.
页:
[1]