zzwszj 发表于 2005-3-26 13:34

超导物理的发展

<P>来自南开bbs:</P>
<P>发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics
标  题: 超导物理的发展
发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信

顾名思义,超导体是指在低温下(一个临界温度,$T_C$,以下)电阻为零的一类导体

在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后,又接连发现多种金属、
合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此,零电阻(完全导体)成为超导体的第一个
标志。
第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性,也就是Meissner效应。
即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中,当温度降低进入超导态时,磁力线也不会存在
于超
导体穿透深度($\lambda$,典型值在500$\AA$左右)以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临
界磁场时,
超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看,也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低

\begin{equation}
{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T)
\end{equation}
这里,$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并
且,
$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述:
\begin{equation}
{H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)
\end{equation} </P>

zzwszj 发表于 2005-3-26 13:35

<P>2:   超导体的Meissner效应反映出超导体与简单的完全导体的本质不同,揭示了超导态实际
是一个热力学态,有着更加深刻的物理背景。
\section{超导发展简介}
自从超导电性发现至今,超导研究的发展已有近九十年的历史,现在,人们对超导电性
的研究已经涵盖了整个固体物理学,晶体结构、薄膜技术、输运性质、磁通钉扎、光能
谱结构、
电子态等等一系列问题的提出和进一步澄清,极大地促进了凝聚态物理的发展,并
多次形成世界性的研究热潮。这里,我们就对这几十年的超导研究的发展做一个简要的
回顾\cite{zhang}:
从1911年Onnes发现超导电性到1957年BCS理论的产生,是人们对传统高临界温度超导体
进行探索和认识
的阶段。主要的发现和研究工作有:
1911年,H.Hamerligh Onnes利用液氦发现Hg在4.2 K附近电阻突然降为零,首次发现
超导态
的第一特征,零电阻现象,从而揭开了超导研究的帷幕。
1933年,Meissner和Ochsenfeld发现超导态的第二个特征,
完全抗磁性。几乎同时,关于超导现象的微观机制理论,以及一系列唯象理论逐步开始
建立。
1934年,C.J.Gorter和H.B.G.Casimeir在相变热力学基础上,
提出了超导相的二流体唯象模型,即假设在超导相中有一些共有化电子变成了高度有序
的超导电子,
在$T_C$以下的超导态中共有化电子分成凝聚和未凝聚两部分,
即超导电子和正常电子两部分。该模型统一解释了包括零电阻在内的许多超导现象。
1935年,伦敦兄弟(F.London和H.London)在二流体模型和Maxwell方程组的基础上,
提出了超导体的电动力学的唯象理论,该理论成功地解释了Meissner效应和零电阻现象

并引入穿透深度概念,即外加磁场时,在超导体表面附近一定范围内有非零的磁场存在

1950年,Pippard对London理论做了重要修正,提出了非局域理论,引入了相干长度概念

即超导电子相关联的距离,本质上即是超导电子波函数的空间范围,
解释了金属中电子平均自由程(L)与穿透深度(l)的关系的实验事实。
1950年,Ginzburg 和Landau在Landau 二级相变理论的基础上,
建立了超导电性的唯象理论G-L方程。Arikov,Gor'kov 根据此理论,
形成了具有微观理论基础的GLAG理论,为和应用密切有关的第二类超导体研究打下了理
论基础。
同年,Frolich提出电声相互作用可能是决定超导电性出现的关键因素,
并预言了同位素效应的产生。</P>

zzwszj 发表于 2005-3-26 13:36

3: 到本世纪五十年代,人们所认识到的重要超导性质有:
零电阻效应;Meissner效应,超导态电子比热的指数规律;$T=T_C$时,
超导—正常相变时电子比热跃迁;微波吸收边效应;同位素效应,Pippard非局域效应,
正常区与超导区之间的界面能;正常—超导相变前后晶体结构无变化。1956年,
Cooper在对一个简单的双电子模型进行计算后指出,电子通过声子为媒介可以产生净的
吸引作用,
次年(1957年),Bardeen,Cooper和Schriefer提出了著明的BCS弱耦合理论,指出超导
电性的电声机制,
建立了第一个超导微观理论.在超导体内,费米面附近的两个动量大小相等,
方向相反及自旋相反的电子通过交换虚声子形成Cooper对,
超导电性的基本特征是由Cooper二体关联所引起的,而取总动量为零,
及单一态自旋波函数的对来处理这种二体关联。
BCS理论给出了超导态的微观图象,建立了超导基态,成功解释了诸如同位素效应,
超导能隙,Meissner效应,单电子隧道效应等实验事实,
使人们认识到超导现象是微观量子效应在宏观尺度上的体现。
伴随着实用超导体材料的发展,超导电子器件得到相应发展,
并且进行了大量超导技术应用的实验室探索。

zzwszj 发表于 2005-3-26 13:36

4:  1952年发现了 $V_3Si$($T_C$=l7 K),
$Nb_3Sn$($T_C$=18.3 K)等第二类超导体。
这些超导体具有高的临界磁场。由此开始了超导强电方面的应用研究。
1960 年出现了第一个超导强磁体,60年代初制成了超导单极电机。
Giaver发现了超导结单电子遂道效应。1962年,
Josephson发现的超导电子对隧道效应在应用领域得到较快的发展,
并逐步形成了一个新兴的学科。
前面近半个世纪的发展、特别是60年代初第二类超导体和超导隧道效应的发现一方面大
大加深了对
超导电性的认识,也为超导电技术的应用奠定了基础。
在六十年代之前,人们主要以研究元素超导体为主,如Hg、Pb、Sn、In、Ta、Nb与Ti
等众多金属元素超导体,并且发现了许多具有超导电性的合金及NaCl结构的过渡族金属
碳化物和氮化物。
同时不同于传统研究的非常规超导体的研究也开始蓬勃发展。

zzwszj 发表于 2005-3-26 13:37

<P>5:   1964 年Schooley等发现了第一个氧化物超导体$SrTiO_3$($T_C$=0.3 K),
此后包括 钛矿结构的$BaPb_{1-x}Bi_xO_3$($T_C$=13 K), $Li_{l+x}Ti_{2-x}O_4$,
简并半导体SnTe等。低维的层状化合物$NbSe_2$和$NbS_2$,
硫硒碲化合物等系列低载流子密度超导体被陆续发现。
1975 年,Andres发现第一个重费米子超导体,$CeCu_2Si_2$, $UBe_{13}$, $UPt_3$,
$UPd_2Al_3$
等系列重费米子化合物被发现,其反常性质引起了物理学家的浓厚兴趣。
1977 年,有关磁性超导体$ErRh_4B_4$,$HoMo_6S_8$的报道受到关注.
1980 年,Jerome发现第一个有机化合物超导体$(TMTSF)_2PF_6$,
此后陆续发现了更多的有机超导材料,特别是$C_60$的发现及特性的研究至今是一个研
究热点。
其它非常规超导体包括超晶格超导体如 Nb/Ge, Nb/Cu, V/Ni,
非晶态超导体等亦被发现和研究,如非晶态Bi,Be膜,非晶态Zr基合金,Mo基合金等.
同时,科学家们坚持不懈地探索超导转变温度高的新超导材料.但是直到1985年,
最高的
$T_C$
仍是1973年发现的
$Nd_3Ge$
薄膜,$T_C$为23.2 K。
1986 年高温超导体的发现,掀起了全球探索高温超导体研究的热潮,
成为超导研究中一段激动人心的历史。1986年,J. G. Bednorz 和 K. A. Muller
发现了La-Ba-Cu-O超导体,其临界温度达到35 K。1987年2月美国Houston大学的朱经武

中国科学院物理所的 忠贤等人各自独立地发现了液氮温度以上的?化物超导体YBCO,
随后又有Bi系,Tl系,Hg系氧化物超导体被发现,揭开了人类对超导本质的认识,
尤其是超导技术开发,应用的新里程碑。

</P>
<P>以高温超导体和其它材料集成的新的功能材料的器件研究成为凝聚态物理,
材料科学和信息科学相结合的一个新的领域。超导技术必将影响到现代文明的一切技术。
超导磁体技术,超导磁悬浮技术,超导电子计算机,电能输运工程,电力工程,
磁流体发电,超导线圈储能器件,生物磁学,强磁下的物性学,地球物理探矿技术,
特别是Josephson结及SQUID的应用。</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-26 13:37:57编辑过]

zzwszj 发表于 2005-4-1 10:50

<H2><I>
<DIV align=center><FONT color=#003399>超导常用链接</FONT></DIV></I></H2>
<H2><I>Pictures/Graphics/Animations:</I></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/superconductor/super.html" target="_blank" >Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials</A> | FSU Gallery</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/new/gallery/flux.html" target="_blank" >Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices</A> | Bell Labs Gallery</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://sam.cm.utexas.edu/supercatalog.html" target="_blank" >Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures</A> | University of Texas at Austin</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.physics.lsa.umich.edu/news/features/9803vortices-abstract.htm" target="_blank" >Stripes and Vortices in Motion</A> | University of Michigan</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/perovskite.html" target="_blank" >Perovskite Structures</A> | Center for Computational Materials Science</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/superconductors.html" target="_blank" >Figures of Superconductor Molecules</A> | ILL Research Institute - France</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.le.ac.uk/eg/spg3/atomic.html" target="_blank" >Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer</A> | University of Leicester - UK</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://igahpse.epfl.ch/htc/twister.html" target="_blank" >Type 2 Vortex Twisters</A> | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/halfvortex/" target="_blank" >Scanning Squid Images</A> | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive)</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ncl.ox.ac.uk/icl/heyes/structure_of_solids/lecture4/lec4.html" target="_blank" >Perovskite &amp; Other Structures</A> | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK</FONT></FONT></B>

<CENTER>
<P></CENTER>

<H2><B><I>Tutorial/Research:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.superconductors.org/oxtheory.htm" target="_blank" >Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form</A> | Oxford University</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/supcon.html#c1" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Concepts Link Map</A> | Georgia State University</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hkic/superconductors" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Tutorial</A> | Rice University</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.iit.edu/~kirkjas/348/348.htm" target="_blank" >Superconductivity &amp; Josephson Junctions</A> | Illinois Inst. of Technology</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://cnls.lanl.gov/Highlights/1997-06/html/node2.html" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Tutorial</A> | Los Alamos National Laboratory</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Pubs/access/93.1/93.1Supercond.html" target="_blank" >UIUC Superconductivity Overview</A> | University of Illinois</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/20872/theories.html" target="_blank" >Theories on Superconductivity</A> | ThinkQuest</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.superconductors.org/bob_cava.zip" target="_blank" >Oxide Superconductors Tutorial </A>| by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ornl.gov/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/app_c.html" target="_blank" >General Superconductor Reference Books</A> | Oak Ridge National Laboratory Picks</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://dali.roma1.infn.it/htcs/inform.html" target="_blank" >Superconductor Reference Books for Beginners</A> | University of Rome</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ornl.gov/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/contents.html" target="_blank" >High School Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity</A> | Oak Ridge National Laboratory</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.eren.doe.gov/superconductivity/toms.html" target="_blank" >Middle School Curriculum Guide to Superconductivity</A> | ORNL/D.O.E.</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.prgguide.com/reports/industrial/r2-261w.html" target="_blank" >PRG Guide</A> | A Superconductor Industry Market Analysis</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://nrac.onr.navy.mil/webspace/exec_sum/89super.html" target="_blank" >US Naval Research Advisory Committee</A> | Superconductor Evaluation</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.eren.doe.gov/superconductivity/techstat.html" target="_blank" >U.S. Department of Energy</A> | Technology Status</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ceramics.nist.gov/srd/hts/htsquery.htm" target="_blank" >NIST Superconducting Materials Database</A> | National Institute of Standards and Technology</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.iitap.iastate.edu/htcu/htcu.html" target="_blank" >Iowa State High-Tc Searchable Database Archive</A> | Iowa State/Ames Lab </FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/sprcnd_etl/DB013_eng_top.html" target="_blank" >KEIRIN Superconductivity Papers Database</A> | Japan</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.princeton.edu/~cml/publications.html" target="_blank" >Ceramic Materials Laboratory</A> | Princeton University</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.superconductors.org/patent.htm" target="_blank" >U.S. and European Patents</A> | Refined Search</FONT></FONT></B>
<CENTER>
<P></CENTER>

<H2><B><I>Research Groups and Institutions:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www-lion.leidenuniv.nl/sections/cm/about/frames" target="_blank" >Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory</A> | Leiden University - Netherlands</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/sup" target="_blank" >High-Temperature Superconductivity Research</A> | IBM Corporation</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.anl.gov/OPA/frontiers96/htsc.html" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Applications Page</A> | Argonne National Labs</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://dali.roma1.infn.it/htcs/htcs.html" target="_blank" >High-Tc Superconductivity Page</A> | Universities of Rome and Camerino - Italy</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.htc.nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" >Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials</A> | CSMM - Singapore</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.fys.uio.no/faststoff/ltl/english/index.html" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Group at UiO</A> | University of Oslo - Norway</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.weizmann.ac.il/home/fnsup/" target="_blank" >Weizmann Institute of Science</A> | Superconductivity Group - Israel</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.sucon.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" >Superconductivity Research Group</A> | Univ. of Cambridge - UK</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://pavel.physics.sunysb.edu/RSFQ/RSFQ.html" target="_blank" >Rapid Single-Flux Quantum Laboratory</A> | SUNY - Stony Brook</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.epri.com/searchResults.asp?phrase=superconductor&amp;x=19&amp;y=9" target="_blank" >Electric Power Research Inst.</A> | Superconductors in Commercial Power Usage</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://mse.www.ecn.purdue.edu/~miscon/" target="_blank" >Midwest Superconductivity Consortium</A> | USA</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://orchidea.maspec.bo.cnr.it/homepage.html" target="_blank" >The European Network for Superconductivity</A> | SCENET - Italy/Europe</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.uh.edu/tcsuh/" target="_blank" >Texas Center for Superconductivity</A> | Univ. of Houston</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.csr.umd.edu/" target="_blank" >Center for Superconductivity Research</A> | University of Maryland</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://wwwas.roma2.infn.it/EUROSUP/generales1.html" target="_blank" >SupNet Information Service</A> | Italy/Europe</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~trl/group/" target="_blank" >The Lemberger Superconductivity Lab</A> | Ohio State Univ.</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://spectrum.ciw.edu/home/homehtml.htm" target="_blank" >Superconductor Behavior at High Pressures</A> | Carnegie Institute - Washington</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://henry.ee.rochester.edu:8080/~sde/SCEatUR/index.html" target="_blank" >Superconductivity at Rochester</A> | University of Rochester</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/eng/research/ISEM/" target="_blank" >Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials</A> | Australia</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://144.126.176.216/scpa/" target="_blank" >US D.O.E.</A> | Power Applications of Superconductivity in Japan and Germany</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.soton.ac.uk/~crenergy/superconductivity/" target="_blank" >Institute of Cryogenics and Energy Research</A> | UK</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://amsd-www.larc.nasa.gov/midas/midas.html" target="_blank" >NASA's MIDAS Project</A> | Superconductor Behavior in Space</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://superc.psc.sc.edu/" target="_blank" >Institute for Superconductivity</A> | University of South Carolina</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.biu.ac.il/ESC/htslab/" target="_blank" >Bar-Ilan Institute of Superconductivity</A> | Israel</FONT></FONT></B>

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<H2><B><I>Manufacturers:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.oxford-instruments.com/" target="_blank" >Oxford Instruments</A> | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.bicc-sc.com/frames_superconduct.htm" target="_blank" >BICC General Superconductors</A> | Superconducting Wire and Tape</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.amsuper.com/" target="_blank" >American Superconductor Corp.</A> | HTS Supplier for the Commercial Power Industry</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.appliedphysics.com/Superconduct.html" target="_blank" >Applied Physics Systems</A> | SQUIDS and Superconducting Magnetometers</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.cryomagnetics.com/supercon.htm" target="_blank" >Cryomagnetics, Inc.</A> | Superconducting Magnets</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.arsassociates.com/" target="_blank" >ARS Associates</A> | Semiconductor Process Equipment and Superconductivity</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.eversonelec.com/home2.htm" target="_blank" >Everson Electric Co.</A> | Superconducting Magnets and Cable-in-conduit</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.theva.com/information/about.htm" target="_blank" >THEVA</A> | YBCO Thin Film Manufacturers - Germany</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://ces-squid-systems.com/" target="_blank" >Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp.</A> | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.tip.csiro.au/cscripts/relationships/render.asp?page_id=380&amp;hist=.172&amp;left=419" target="_blank" >CSIRO Telecom</A> | Australia</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.microcoating.com/" target="_blank" >Microcoating Technologies</A> | Thin-Film Deposition Technology</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.mkt-intl.com/superconductor/index.html" target="_blank" >Marketech</A> | Marketech International HTSC Products</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.sei.co.jp/sn/materi.html" target="_blank" >Sumitomo Electric Industries</A> | HTSC Superconducting Wire &amp; Magnets - Japan</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.hypres.com/" target="_blank" >Hypres</A> | Superconducting Electronics Company</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.nst.com/" target="_blank" >Nordic Superconducting Technologies</A> | Superconducting Tape - Denmark</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.mml.com.au/super.htm" target="_blank" >Metal Manufacturers</A> | Australian Superconductors</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.pirelli.com/company/cable0.htm" target="_blank" >Pirelli Cable</A> | Superconducting Cables and Wire</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.teameurus.com/" target="_blank" >EURUS Technologies, Inc.</A> | EURUS Superconductors</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.southwire.com/" target="_blank" >Southwire</A> | Superconducting Cable</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.superconductivecomp.com/" target="_blank" >Superconductive Components Inc.</A> | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://lomer.ethz.ch/~skoebel/hts_intro.html" target="_blank" >ETH Materials</A> | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.powersuper.com/" target="_blank" >Power Superconductor Applications Corp.</A> | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.scm-inc.com/" target="_blank" >Superconductor Materials, Inc. </A>| Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc.</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.wintici.com/Home.htm" target="_blank" >Wintici</A> | High-Temperature Superconductors in the Telecom Marketplace - France</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.daesungcable.com/english/htm/product/body_conductor.htm" target="_blank" >Daesung</A> | Superconducting Cable - Korea</FONT></FONT></B>

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<H2><B><I>Ancillary:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.vwrsp.com/" target="_blank" >VWR Scientific Products </A>| Chemicals, scales, instruments...and lots more</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.stanfordmaterials.com/" target="_blank" >Stanford Materials </A>| High-purity oxides, metals, alloys, ceramics, and sputtering targets</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.lemes.se/stigma/stigma.htm" target="_blank" >Stigma Ltd. </A>| Rare earth oxides and high-purity materials</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.cerac.com/" target="_blank" >Cerac </A>| Specialty Inorganic Chemicals and sputtering targets</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://members.aol.com/Paragonkil/qf6.html" target="_blank" >Paragon Kilns </A>| The Inexpensive QuickFire 6</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://tech-two.mit.edu/Chemicool/" target="_blank" >Chemicool Periodic Chart </A>| Click here if you don't know a Halogen from an Alkali Metal</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/periodic.html" target="_blank" >The Pictorial Periodic Table </A>| A Periodic Table with links galore</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.li.net/~bgibb/" target="_blank" >Bob Gibbons Chem-It </A>| A Free Downloadable Periodic Chart Program for Win95/98</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/reference/glossary.html" target="_blank" >Chemistry Glossary</A> | Thinkquest</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.curriculumvisions.com/Elements/ElementsGlossary.html" target="_blank" >Chemistry Glossary</A> | Curriculum Visions</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~jlma/matsci/glossary/" target="_blank" >A+ Materials and Science Glossary of Terms</A> | Lehigh University</FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://newton.ex.ac.uk/people/jenkins/mbody/mbody2.html" target="_blank" >Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics</A> | University of Exeter</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://amo.mit.edu/~bec/intro/whatbec/whtisbec.html" target="_blank" >Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained</A> | M. I. T.</FONT></FONT></B>
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<P></CENTER>

<H2><B><I>Upcoming Conferences:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.rcsuper.osaka-u.ac.jp/isec/" target="_blank" >8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference</A> | June 19 - 22, 2001, Osaka, Japan</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.icr.chem.msu.ru/htsc6/index.html" target="_blank" >International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors</A> | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.istec.or.jp/ISTEC_homepage/ISS/ISS_indexE1.html" target="_blank" >International Symposium on Superconductivity</A> | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.ascinc.org/" target="_blank" >Applied Superconductivity Conference</A> | Aug. 4 - 9, 2002, Houston, TX</FONT></FONT></B>

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<P></CENTER>

<H2><B><I>Translation Services:</I></B></H2>
<LI><H HREF="http://babelfish.altavista.com/translate.dyn"></H><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://babelfish.altavista.com/translate.dyn" target="_blank" >Alta-Vista Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o</A></FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><H HREF="http://www.systransoft.com"></H><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.systransoft.com/" target="_blank" >Systran Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o</A></FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><H HREF="http://www.dictionary.com/translate"></H><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.dictionary.com/translate" target="_blank" >Dictionary.COM Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o</A></FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><H HREF="http://www.yupi.com/traductor"></H><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.yupi.com/traductor" target="_blank" >YUPI Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o</A></FONT></FONT></B>

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<H2><B><I>Recommended Search Engines:</I></B></H2>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.dogpile.com/" target="_blank" >Dogpile </A></FONT></FONT></B>
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<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.mamma.com/" target="_blank" >Mamma </A></FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.megaspider.com/" target="_blank" >Megaspider </A></FONT></FONT></B>
<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.yourmojo.com/" target="_blank" >Your Mojo </A>(educational)</FONT></FONT></B>

<LI><B><FONT face="Arial, Helvetica"><FONT size=-1><a href="http://www.c4.com/" target="_blank" >C4</A>   (requires a fast connection) </FONT></FONT></B></LI>
[此贴子已经被作者于2005-4-1 10:59:35编辑过]

yqm10507 发表于 2005-5-8 09:44

超导好像与材料学有很大联系

zzwszj 发表于 2005-5-29 09:33

<P>对呀!</P>
<P>物理偏重于理论研究,材料注重产品的开发!</P>

hxo1202 发表于 2005-6-3 22:36

顶!

lipu_2003 发表于 2005-6-7 11:18

那么多的乱码,怎么看。内容倒是应该很不错的
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