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标题: 函数大全(m开头) [打印本页]

作者: 韩冰 时间: 2004-10-4 02:57
标题: 函数大全(m开头)
<

align=center>函数大全(m开头)
<

align=left>main()主函数
每一C 程序都 必须 有一main()函数, 可以根据自己的爱好把它放在程序的某
个地方。有些程序员把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序员把它放在最后面, 无论放
在哪个地方, 以下几点说明都是适合的。
1. main() 参数 
在Turbo C2.0启动过程中, 传递main()函数三个参数: argc, argv和env。
* argc: 整数, 为传给main()的命令行参数个数。
* argv: 字符串数组。
在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 为程序运行的全路径名; 对DOS 3.0
以下的版本, argv[0]为空串("") 。
argv[1] 为在DOS命令行中执行程序名后的第一个字符串;
argv[2] 为执行程序名后的第二个字符串;
...
argv[argc]为NULL。
*env: 安符串数组。env[] 的每一个元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符
串。其中ENVVAR为环境变量如PATH或87。value 为ENVVAR的对应值如C:\DOS, C:
\TURBOC(对于PATH) 或YES(对于87)。
Turbo C2.0启动时总是把这三个参数传递给main()函数, 可以在用户程序中
说明(或不说明)它们, 如果说明了部分(或全部)参数, 它们就成为main()子程序
的局部变量。
请注意: 一旦想说明这些参数, 则必须按argc, argv, env 的顺序, 如以下
的例子:
main()
main(int argc)
main(int argc, char *argv[])
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[]) 
其中第二种情况是合法的, 但不常见, 因为在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不
用argv[]的情况。
以下提供一样例程序EXAMPLE.EXE, 演示如何在main()函数中使用三个参数:
/*program name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
{
int i;
printf("These are the %d command- line arguments passed to
main:\n\n", argc);
for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
printf("argv[%d]:%s\n", i, argv); + J7 i* k$ Q0 x' B5 Z, V
printf("\nThe environment string(s)on this system are:\n\n");
7 x6 L: z) k6 ~for(i=0; env!=NULL; i++) ) j7 O: }' D. J
printf(" env[%d]:%s\n", i, env); : X) M$ p& s7 \0 M0 A! Y. c
} 
4 I: N. Y/ Y2 ~( q5 G# W如果在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式运行EXAMPLE.EXE: / L" L3 Z4 W% N) D5 j4 `( W
C:\example first_argument "argument with blanks" 3 4 "last but 0 U2 B0 Y" b4 ~7 |
one" stop!
3 F1 ]7 C$ b( t# {注意: 可以用双引号括起内含空格的参数, 如本例中的: " argument " |0 y1 Y+ T/ C+ l1 G
with blanks"和"Last but one")。
. _$ q2 A/ x. w8 ]: p结果是这样的:
0 Z! d; f, N0 V+ l6 P+ J7 \- p. V& T0 kThe value of argc is 7 4 Q2 P1 C7 e. p) T
These are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main:
! S/ D2 G5 `$ c& y" q9 t- Sargv[0]:C:\TURBO\EXAMPLE.EXE % K+ [( C/ p$ ]( o& l) @+ I, L- |
argv[1]:first_argument ) ^) x0 d6 o$ d; `9 W) F7 {; R
argv[2]:argument with blanks @) U; a( i* M% H
argv[3]:3 4 I3 v* J6 w* t8 L' l* ^
argv[4]:4
9 j9 _! ?9 s x- ?3 V! V1 Vargv[5]:last but one
, q, J8 b1 u0 eargv[6]:stop!
6 z, S0 s, n( V s5 n7 Y( zargv[7]NULL) # X! U/ U5 g* m
The environment string(s) on this system are:
( |" Q. A+ {! i0 K7 a' F m# |env[0]: COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM
# t3 |& W3 v% M; _ m1 {env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G /*视具体设置而定*/ ' {1 r: w9 W0 u
env[2]: PATH=C:\DOS;C:\TC /*视具体设置而定*/ % A( |$ q/ \' s$ O/ e3 D
: g- y) j; o6 J. C2 ^
应该提醒的是: 传送main() 函数的命令行参数的最大长度为128 个字符 (包 , ], u4 I( i2 `. t
括参数间的空格), 这是由DOS 限制的。
( {6 E, t6 D6 |( S8 U& T0 ]
0 l, z4 M2 L% N/ h$ J0 O<>函数名: matherr 
# T. k6 V. u4 D$ z4 C5 H# K2 Z功能: 用户可修改的数学错误处理程序 - U6 A9 @' l4 v
用法: int matherr(struct exception *e); 1 z1 M" f* W2 ]/ \+ T, b1 U
程序例: 8 H; q) K0 T6 i6 K( t+ @& v$ F
<>/* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
4 A1 ~, _0 h! M0 b" j* R! nany error messages from being printed. */ 3 d, Z. y( E, R3 U8 b/ m
<>#include<MATH.H> 
2 o+ c1 M3 i5 h6 j7 @7 L<>int matherr(struct exception *a)
& F* a: }. i# z{
; ^: G, s# o" z) ?5 M8 Hreturn 1;
7 ~; l' O8 R! K}
% K8 p6 i: N1 l6 k+ ~" M+ E
* Q) @; _1 L, C/ A, F2 ?
1 h. O \# {6 k5 K
% Q% a/ w/ x7 \$ G+ g3 N<>函数名: memccpy # Q& w8 O, K% N* @
功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中 I/ B! `0 d' K! b9 d. s- o
用法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch,
5 D' w1 [; V" i2 r* l% Qunsigned n); 1 e: k4 e8 d. @' h+ G/ i# V
程序例: 4 G' F+ `4 a3 j6 `4 k8 C" l
<>#include <STRING.H>
! B8 j. G0 B1 d/ h& } m! ^#include <STDIO.H>
1 `2 r- E4 o, A6 I<>int main(void)
8 B0 j' q" x) U$ w& f{
& R$ ~, w# s" B, K) n1 x! y: Lchar *src = "This is the source string";
' b: I5 i0 p+ F0 O7 @4 G# Q; ochar dest[50]; 9 p" d3 E4 K8 A6 g1 U' P
char *ptr; 
8 Q4 U8 y' } x( e<>ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src)); 
: k! P* X2 N3 h h3 B- A<>if (ptr)
3 x3 i$ ~, D j5 a8 ]{ 2 w$ l, S) x: `2 W9 {; F: A' D& a; t0 a+ I
*ptr = '\0';
2 ]( r9 P g7 z xprintf("The character was found: %s\n", dest);
# \# M6 J) L" ?7 W `}
& @/ b8 R! a, G2 `else " a' C- U/ Z+ ^$ g% ]( m1 }
printf("The character wasn't found\n");
! d- x; j& V4 y" e! a- |( Breturn 0; 1 o. H) k C4 v d; R. c; {
}
3 `: v$ u7 L' `+ w5 `# I# L8 G* d: b. c

6 k9 |3 A$ j& M8 W# R0 K<>函数名: malloc
$ ]7 B2 k4 U/ K7 b7 `+ Y# w功能: 内存分配函数
 S( ] n1 a( Y. Q用法: void *malloc(unsigned size);
+ K( s2 c4 ?" i2 v/ \8 ~7 Z程序例: 
* h6 E4 W' S8 x c+ H<>#include <STDIO.H>; U( W' {' |% o0 W
#include <STRING.H>
* X; X0 M. l( W6 d S2 X#include <ALLOC.H>
) t; e( E* u6 @+ P#include <ROCESS.H>
) X( U" Z6 [# E<>int main(void)
2 t( ^, d1 {5 w' p5 D+ P9 ], @{
0 T7 e R% e( ?, cchar *str; 6 c* r4 H! t) d6 S# d
<>/* allocate memory for string */ 2 R! e2 P: E3 b& x, c% \5 v, d
/* This will generate an error when compiling */ # [( I5 Y4 l& M' q
/* with C++, use the new operator instead. */
8 y& g3 u/ X! p) y3 Yif ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL)
7 T. d2 a/ K+ m1 E{
5 J& F! `( S# sprintf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer\n"); # j+ ~8 J9 V+ p
exit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */ , m4 b6 o9 D9 [; U+ H- w& G
} 0 X ?+ ~1 q5 u4 z9 J: |
<>/* copy "Hello" into string */ - t% l& N: m9 H" _) D( S/ } G
strcpy(str, "Hello"); $ J/ W7 A: Y* }: C1 q2 t
<>/* display string */
/ F! [$ c% e1 z) \7 T" P. Sprintf("String is %s\n", str); 1 E1 J) Q: ^& p6 f
<>/* free memory */ + B- @% U5 Y9 q8 l: ~# T
free(str); + w+ k/ O+ V7 R3 e& l0 p$ c. i
<>return 0;
7 c: T9 ]0 v6 ~+ D7 I8 C+ A( B} 3 M6 C" Z+ Z" ^/ J1 z

5 }; G: t; R8 c8 n# ^3 o+ C% z- \. _* l a# e p% s
) p4 V! G7 c t
<>函数名: memchr
1 m& A$ n5 E' D9 r# ^5 ~) T0 [功能: 在数组的前n个字节中搜索字符 % w0 K3 F9 \9 }
用法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n); " e* Y1 g; H6 G, O: ^, d1 I
程序例: 2 m! R* N: A% F8 q
<>#include <STRING.H>
- g8 Q. Y& ]% r" q% H#include <STDIO.H>
. i u2 F1 U# H: Y0 y- F( S* ?<>int main(void)
( s% h8 v& a M{ 7 D) A0 R! A/ J# I( l2 A- H
char str[17]; d$ r( k. F6 @! U6 ?/ ]0 Z
char *ptr; 1 S: D" ]* G g3 J
<>strcpy(str, "This is a string"); * @) u# }1 p; z2 g0 w1 d4 t
ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str)); 8 j4 o! y+ O& ]! ]7 ?% Y- A$ a
if (ptr)
 X' u( K# @$ D* Iprintf("The character 'r' is at position: %d\n", ptr - str);
$ d- \+ J6 E5 V! B0 belse
6 b6 C L9 \" w( G8 Cprintf("The character was not found\n"); ! g3 U8 f4 U& @: w9 j
return 0; ! R5 g- Q( e1 v( e1 ] v8 k
}
0 O* F4 t# N7 F( e+ K7 X5 _8 t }. c, _' r! J1 M
<>函数名: memcpy 
* B4 r7 e$ k R g* G, ]2 g功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
& _ ^% q0 b: _6 S$ q用法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
6 d! e0 u' F1 L$ v5 L/ |. l* z. q5 N程序例: 
* {# ?& D+ h1 B* r5 A( T<>#include <STDIO.H>, f* ?6 a( Z4 `& ]. X" U7 j
#include <STRING.H>) G8 @3 P) X, }/ n5 I7 Y
int main(void) 4 N9 t( n! u- e0 l" |3 B
{ 8 b' `! B4 f8 F+ r9 j
char src[] = "******************************"; 5 ^+ f! S( `% X P
char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709"; / e y. A' V F- S" b/ G, A
char *ptr;
$ W2 D/ G4 p/ D7 Y' C* Qprintf("destination before memcpy: %s\n", dest);
) i* k& t) b6 Bptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
; M2 E% U2 q& M: {$ z9 j8 u" D+ ]& Vif (ptr)
0 B/ }( v' R! z" k% h5 ~+ Q* _0 [1 {printf("destination after memcpy: %s\n", dest); . H0 d) R* B4 r2 e
else e6 I, ?# y: a" _4 k- ^) J
printf("memcpy failed\n");
" ]0 C, e7 o* I! }return 0;
: \1 t# c7 ?% G7 F: O8 Y/ Q5 F} / r2 w- I5 K. D, M

+ ^" r& l$ q3 p: g4 [6 i. |$ R7 r/ h7 y' V9 E! B9 I
<>函数名: memicmp 2 R1 h8 D8 U. J+ f6 E& x1 |
功能: 比较两个串s1和s2的前n个字节, 忽略大小写
$ l5 P/ P, w6 j1 K, ~3 y) F用法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n); # Y3 C) A9 D4 |% v7 m$ P
程序例: 
# c4 R, _% W; Q6 }* \6 c1 I" t2 v<>#include <STDIO.H>- Y1 k. J2 ]0 u7 u9 Q
#include <STRING.H>
6 S) A8 H0 R$ R. H4 a4 o<>int main(void)
* o( J8 e- `4 P4 X' N{ 7 x( I% x, Q& C1 a; w7 u
char *buf1 = "ABCDE123"; % F/ C# b+ z( V" u# }: M
char *buf2 = "abcde456";
& N- V) y8 g& W1 `9 B0 ~- lint stat; ! g" J9 m9 J* s- E" N4 S+ C1 k
stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5); * Y8 h$ c L3 G7 ?# M7 O" \2 z
printf("The strings to position 5 are ");
4 f# N: D7 H" Vif (stat) 7 T, Z/ N, |7 l+ q; v1 V' `: ]
printf("not "); & o5 I0 e7 k3 A) I- M1 A1 A6 `5 ]
printf("the same\n"); G* k% v0 f6 a' f0 Q& A- t1 Z
return 0;
/ ?0 g. ?" t+ M, q6 O/ F& C} * g, ^0 H0 s% X

1 u: i+ w" [2 K9 X- |
- m, @, G# h/ g/ b% h. M' \( o<>函数名: memmove & N% J$ Y- l% I; t& ?) q7 A4 Q% a
功能: 移动一块字节 % a3 H+ p/ F% z$ B7 W: v
用法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
% [( U7 m% V0 q8 C程序例: 
& F& `: _7 A6 ^+ P0 Q#include <STRING.H>
" \( `8 }0 G) S: e6 l8 D3 ]#include <STDIO.H>$ {( p$ V4 M" ]- P q; T
int main(void) ( W+ r$ E1 m6 |( A# o4 o
{
. \$ Q& [. V) I) `char *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
+ D" L2 L3 y6 x3 g# |char *src = "******************************"; * b. u- w" S Q1 H
printf("destination prior to memmove: %s\n", dest);
, `; ^" y' y' P% F, xmemmove(dest, src, 26); ! F* q5 Q U! R# t; B
printf("destination after memmove: %s\n", dest);
 B: X( R4 m/ c, X) u4 U8 {* ^return 0;
/ _& [' m) A( [+ r' O3 j} % c* Y; J- C O3 Q) O5 a
! R0 j. U/ V3 O6 Q

% I4 v2 ?5 j6 B/ B% _& _
& c! k- k: `1 h- P- K& J$ b函数名: memset 3 m5 g' R* j" K9 V2 @9 \% l
功能: 设置s中的所有字节为ch, s数组的大小由n给定
8 I0 F& a9 `; a9 d# ]2 K* W用法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n);
1 J/ l6 o1 A& G7 X: d程序例: 4 G8 k$ G2 E4 E1 j1 V) e; {# q
#include <STRING.H># J) L! j% W2 u5 a) [1 g I: y
#include <STDIO.H>
2 [1 q- y; \2 h' i- t' ^. i#include <MEM.H>
3 F5 h8 E3 C p2 bint main(void) 2 a4 }! L& Q# y0 m- _
{
8 A; g$ ^4 f3 O$ tchar buffer[] = "Hello world\n"; 0 F# N# O5 H' k" S3 |4 G; Q* B
printf("Buffer before memset: %s\n", buffer);
' b, t4 X0 N% {& s0 O7 r, o- Q& o7 qmemset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
" U3 P8 {( {3 K! z! z( ^printf("Buffer after memset: %s\n", buffer); 7 h( Q4 c! f \
return 0;
1 m# I |( S9 H Q# J5 {} 
/ f. M/ R1 P F8 p; y9 S
 a9 Y, z# C w4 A8 i
* d; _/ ^0 q3 |. H2 y8 o函数名: mkdir 
: ]) M9 B& L6 w+ X5 N" [( v t8 f功能: 建立一个目录
' m6 ?% f# a% c: i9 `用法: int mkdir(char *pathname); 0 A% E% H) w2 X; V
程序例: : `! U6 H! R9 d; \
#include <STDIO.H>
# w X/ @9 S3 e, B1 @# L#include <CONIO.H>$ K- X3 J1 Z3 ^ E
#include <PROCESS.H>
2 H& m# r) g" d; g: W$ Q#include <DIR.H>
 O+ ~- q3 V" p- Vint main(void)
3 z& p8 a7 |9 n8 A# `{ 7 X- p1 B/ |2 u7 _0 q% y
int status; 
/ R/ `* j. Y8 _! V- Pclrscr(); , ]0 g4 h- K: b3 ?
status = mkdir("asdfjklm");
5 r- J! c3 A' A$ C(!status) ? (printf("Directory created\n")) :
3 H( R6 G5 E0 U6 U(printf("Unable to create directory\n")); 
% d0 s( f, P+ j* ?getch();
+ C6 p" e7 Q! Qsystem("dir");
 W9 ?4 C1 E* p" _* q h. Cgetch(); ) i. e3 c2 S6 l- I8 X! h: \; |
status = rmdir("asdfjklm");
, \! ]: @1 Z1 n( c9 a1 m(!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted\n")) :
; X" d$ K `+ l, L(perror("Unable to delete directory")); 
, A% n/ K3 s/ c8 C2 t t- Yreturn 0;
3 \. t7 X3 w% X} : G* f( I7 l1 A9 t6 I* {2 i
! B. \3 |3 M* u/ n' f

+ ~" e) Z/ {: y1 v% i2 X9 F1 a i# G. x
函数名: mktemp 
+ k$ l4 f4 [ @/ ` [2 G" X功能: 建立唯一的文件名 6 ]7 x, r n! L, c
用法: char *mktemp(char *template);
& V. t9 l D( u程序例: 
3 O/ ?' B5 b7 a: ^; f#include <DIR.H>
) W% U' M' j5 k0 V# ^1 U#include <STDIO.H>/ @6 ^) p% f, B& x: Q1 V
int main(void)
3 U: @3 E$ o+ {3 }2 k{
 t0 D) K2 W( e3 n' q2 l/* fname defines the template for the & }& [( x9 C+ ?) j1 q( ~
temporary file. */ ! f* P& F$ z+ N8 x4 C
char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr; 
/ h6 z& s7 F2 s0 T1 C% Qptr = mktemp(fname); " b: o2 O1 [! C4 X
printf("%s\n",ptr); c! v3 D" C% `, l: {9 f: X8 h. E; G
return 0;
/ \" b+ c i7 j}
3 V' h4 C2 O+ }" @7 @+ B1 a: B+ w& ^& _, P& I; d
1 [8 h5 z4 M6 M+ H) o1 U
函数名: MK_FP 
& |/ i; Y+ n! ]$ h1 I+ M功能: 设置一个远指针 g, K% D7 P, S6 {5 }
用法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off); 7 t5 s1 A% F% D% G
程序例: ) n4 J% A5 }: E
#include <DOS.H>
0 Q9 J, N) y- I k#include <GRAPHICS.H>
) F- z; D, u: Eint main(void) 4 k) m! z" ^' g& j& n
{ " b! ]! Q5 Q5 ~
int gd, gm, i; # \7 x, p6 [, x" J- t, r
unsigned int far *screen; 
% H( b; K) g. g; {3 |7 C. ?detectgraph(&gd, &gm); a* X. T+ A6 E2 S# o: Y% F4 q3 W
if (gd == HERCMONO)
8 w% g# m7 X2 K* w1 Bscreen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0); 3 j# e Z' A! p5 x0 A) s! M
else
* ]9 @* X/ c5 W0 q. t9 e( z* ^! { ascreen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0); 6 ?8 n* w8 i% `
for (i=0; i<26; i++)
. u! h0 _) Q" [! Pscreen = 0x0700 + ('a' + i); + W! T' f0 C' }7 b2 Y
return 0; 1 i4 S+ u' t. B s& c5 w1 E
}
9 [7 `: ?2 l) E1 z3 }) f3 J
) c" S3 T7 i$ I# A k$ K9 I* T; S
3 J' {6 g& q( W- z* s' e c O函数名: modf 
7 w5 B6 i9 M: H+ O& i: Q功能: 把数分为指数和尾数
2 \' o( J: s* C6 q4 s1 e# c用法: double modf(double value, double *iptr);
 ?! ?9 {( g5 c( I6 m程序例: $ z i' s H( S0 |! H% z3 f
#include <MATH.H>; @2 l/ x. @0 f2 j& \
#include <STDIO.H>7 n4 u- U7 d: {/ U/ @$ n* g; d
int main(void) ; H; G; M& V- m0 p4 L
{ - e; F% q f/ x# L
double fraction, integer;
$ B* ?% I3 c# e) idouble number = 100000.567; 9 }, \1 w" r# y6 |
fraction = modf(number, &integer); 8 u1 @8 `& v( W! V9 L
printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf\n", 1 G5 D8 m$ P' v0 B: M4 m4 e9 I
number, integer, fraction);
6 M5 [7 f, f: U8 k p Hreturn 0; , n8 U" A! G! U" h4 m
} 
" S. d9 T( J3 N' X7 T
0 a) x! w4 h% b- E6 B1 S: G
' [* M$ u# J7 I2 C9 d, b' h函数名: movedata 5 c, N& {, s; w c
功能: 拷贝字节 5 V* R% J- m+ x6 G
用法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest, , M; U- _( c0 I3 a$ H( t
int offdest, unsigned numbytes);
" ]9 I6 ]7 i# h- f) X程序例: 
% z+ G' v" t) h) Q% g#include <MEM.H>
6 z$ G2 l* X6 f% C+ K9 k1 i#define MONO_BASE 0xB000 
0 w( C( V$ U! i: ?/ p) `/* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */ * c$ S0 b e3 ~2 Z
void save_mono_screen(char near *buffer) & b7 T- }4 W' B! }- I" T* k
{
' T( k% r' w9 h# wmovedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2);
6 p- P3 R% F+ R% q6 |2 K' F} 
7 v6 L7 ~4 L% O. h+ [ X, Aint main(void) / N9 b( t8 \* d! u2 A* W& d0 k3 V
{ % \. ?8 \5 ~% P
char buf[80*25*2];
9 N( i8 G0 ~' f' ?- Qsave_mono_screen(buf);
* A( A" _* n! P; ^6 @3 o+ \} / n3 Z( g: B0 W6 {, `4 f S( i4 u; }1 @
' {7 J! O. r6 _# s1 |
; X* m% d: T: W) c
函数名: moverel + X+ y9 a) u' Q
功能: 将当前位置(CP)移动一相对距离
4 q3 m3 n+ i: z( n用法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy); 5 D9 E3 ^& F6 ~
程序例: $ z d2 ~8 [3 D% l/ S7 K& k
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
/ F1 ~+ `7 o, U- w+ o% y#include <STDLIB.H>
 K- Q7 F0 X, w1 A#include <STDIO.H>7 j% H' E. a) T4 W7 k2 I- _8 W
#include <CONIO.H>* k% K# J# G& i- R5 [! a! o
int main(void)
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/* request auto detection */ , F$ }* o! @- i1 T+ Y
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
8 ^4 H8 L' D0 t* P& p7 H4 X0 [char msg[80]; 
4 h8 E5 W% W6 D/ ^' ^1 ^/* initialize graphics and local variables */ . O# o3 M+ G2 d& f1 }8 \9 x
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); : e7 z: E* B; q# C: `! K: o& J
/* read result of initialization */
7 m4 ~* {) ^% I7 J" R4 ]1 Perrorcode = graphresult(); . N# J' v% ]/ j- z- |, k
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ * m w! b/ ^# T$ N7 y6 e) ~ P
{ ) c! T/ M9 c' _- Q
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
; g8 `6 `4 j$ c- t+ lprintf("Press any key to halt:"); ) r& s0 e3 n$ ^5 N% |7 E: N3 y( P
getch(); - E2 O- Q" S/ f) }$ m/ g) k" L
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ " h# N% v$ w. z5 Q( N) `2 Z' ]
} 
& i- [ H( H9 g1 j2 J/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */ N! P- d7 w, S4 v5 p% t4 V
moveto(20, 30); & h R3 t8 k- g. d' B
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ 6 A( @+ G8 I3 h8 J! i5 r( r
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 1 _- d. x9 ~! i$ v- ]% y6 q
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
1 |# [8 h- k( V* I7 \# msprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); ) A% i+ R* t8 b) r5 c
outtextxy(20, 30, msg); % Y8 D! O9 Z1 O" Z
/* move to a point a relative distance */ ! m3 |, o; N$ |* M
/* away from the current value of C.P. */ 2 _& B, Q c6 }+ l
moverel(100, 100); 
9 Q" Y `8 m& ` \0 `9 G$ P/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ , I0 x p# Q% `- W8 m* `1 X% b
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); - S/ ^( J' F* \& e4 \
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
0 `( U) ]) T9 O5 n. Msprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); + D. w& ]2 l% i% \
outtext(msg); 2 U3 X8 X8 L" U# d7 [
/* clean up */ # U/ W' w& Q% i5 U7 W* v
getch(); D0 C9 @8 X5 b7 s7 q
closegraph();
* d9 Q& Q1 E/ }2 Lreturn 0;
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函数名: movetext
% u; q! U8 d; J功能: 将屏幕文本从一个矩形区域拷贝到另一个矩形区域 8 X) `5 S0 E* T
用法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, + B6 b2 {5 U" ^% @$ }8 @
int newleft, int newtop);
( t5 u5 D; E; j% E+ E. L' v5 L: V* b程序例:
) I2 M, `1 ^0 b q! z8 K#include <CONIO.H>! `! v2 v# h; q$ e7 E
#include <STRING.H>( P0 x8 c5 I3 u. a4 I9 e% N9 ^( [9 g
int main(void)
& S9 D/ H: O; V6 \1 q! ?{
: u9 Y' J, \- p6 Zchar *str = "This is a test string"; 
& R* Q1 A8 ^9 d/ wclrscr(); + H' n# L: i' F
cputs(str);
# e# s9 c# ~/ _; V2 x Z" ]) \1 S3 fgetch(); 
1 w. q& q [0 {! \* _- Hmovetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10);
/ B6 J4 H) Y' }" [3 c& u: |. u. d5 Cgetch(); 0 g9 J4 g- h" z
return 0;
9 Y! e% Z: x/ G1 e! k5 ~1 ~}
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6 h0 e& H; ?; M6 R3 t- E f0 h- ^函数名: moveto
/ K' Y' S0 r3 Y) b( v功能: 将CP移到(x, y) 0 t2 s9 r. a" {/ C
用法: void far moveto(int x, int y);
$ M% e9 e( I8 v. c程序例: 
; `8 W! J' K* V4 h4 v, N#include <GRAPHICS.H>
( o% ~) ?1 M3 ?3 R# A3 Z/ e#include <STDLIB.H>
% Q0 u9 s8 _( G1 x0 }1 F. d: ^#include <STDIO.H>* v! t; i4 d$ D4 T% l
#include <CONIO.H>
( X9 c( Z4 |) X' e" K: o7 Fint main(void)
8 n0 c1 f" U5 H. ]1 j3 P% }1 r{ 7 \7 j; B* x5 _, }( {- J
/* request auto detection */
$ K9 h& Q2 \9 ?1 V) C; v% `int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
2 `* y5 E8 k6 L+ u$ Nchar msg[80]; 
$ S6 d1 L; S' @% n/ T4 }/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 6 u5 \' I7 C ^" b+ n( c: `6 ^
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ' D7 r: ~0 p4 P$ ~
/* read result of initialization */
( `7 _# i5 @( E4 @' |& ^/ K6 herrorcode = graphresult();
2 {3 ^, M2 E; yif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ ) `6 `* s; A% a9 H: w
{
/ A9 F# C+ V+ u& X0 Kprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 2 L$ z3 Y% B: @+ n8 C0 r
printf("Press any key to halt:");
( j6 ^: ?) k) E4 Egetch(); 1 j5 c7 X8 D! a
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 4 r. W7 p# C* q& k7 E
} 
2 N9 H( K/ U( k# |6 h' c1 ^) w( |/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */ ( e' e. t' V8 h' }
moveto(20, 30); 
7 n( k/ o/ t# a4 b; ~/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
" [# Z3 ~ }1 z5 \: Gputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); & ~( n% ]: C2 ?
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */ , k. w' D. X F, u$ \, D" \* e- B e
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); * v# n" V1 X+ `5 `+ r. C; A
outtextxy(20, 30, msg); + Y& L( i, K$ K- P& E( c3 n* A9 N
/* move to (100, 100) */ 3 p' u8 `* [; G, I s( U& y/ U
moveto(100, 100); 7 L: M& u E- u4 x: ^$ a; v/ o
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
 e1 _2 }5 i) c# |( B. s1 Tputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 
- l7 H0 S+ f0 J# B7 e/* create and output a message at C.P. */
6 [* h/ d% S6 w2 [! qsprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); + ~1 j. R5 p1 Q- I5 e5 k! {9 Z) B8 ?
outtext(msg); ( r5 A2 s% C6 u- i" r
/* clean up */
6 s# ~( [4 Q3 ]& v. L; K6 jgetch();
( P6 x: [- N) V1 i# I8 Qclosegraph();
 m; j" A+ x, y$ breturn 0; $ u ?/ F" {& D' a4 b
}
+ }2 m& I/ S" c" C
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函数名: movemem ; F: v" B2 n( U' I/ d
功能: 移动一块字节 7 b! p; i9 z: ], b
用法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
' | l& x3 M7 R2 A+ Y* s程序例: 
9 K: f" N, }$ S6 k#include <MEM.H>
3 E& m! l( T1 g7 m#include <ALLOC.H> }' N4 |# u, i6 z
#include <STDIO.H>
6 U! F; t* m4 V/ @/ Y#include <STRING.H>3 R% a+ o# B' `9 {2 `' q- X
int main(void) 3 h0 k) p! f, G" p! w$ V) o4 U
{ 0 J: E, c3 e+ X! X3 m
char *source = "Borland International"; ! f7 X |5 D; I' ]* X: Y
char *destination;
* h' x# |* }# v- \8 G; hint length; ) @# r, y0 I" D9 c: ]
length = strlen(source);
0 N8 t) X( }: b, e0 C1 Mdestination = malloc(length + 1);
! r" a* c R0 s# Cmovmem(source,destination,length); 3 |, Q4 r# x8 A9 |* ?
printf("%s\n",destination); 
6 Q% l3 Y* ~: r$ g q& Dreturn 0; 3 k3 C3 d* `2 _; l5 F
} / L+ P' r# w1 o7 z
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函数名: normvideo & F( I8 F& s( X- a ]( W
功能: 选择正常亮度字符
. [9 G2 H% D' R1 n8 l2 L用法: void normvideo(void); * [. Y1 y$ w9 y& Z- Z' j& g
程序例: 
+ O m# P! r6 M5 U" c#include <CONIO.H>
* }9 K+ _% q" m7 s3 f5 t vint main(void) / ^6 q1 j1 z2 X ?" W( n) m
{ + t9 Q' @# S$ R) q& ~
normvideo(); : q+ w3 j1 i( m
cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text\r\n");
4 d) L9 V7 |3 u! I6 \% S' j- T! nreturn 0;
% j* w7 v4 t* J2 T4 B* P! Z} 1 }3 M1 u( U$ ?9 R& R
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函数名: nosound 3 y V; F; L! \2 ^
功能: 关闭PC扬声器 # x t2 l W0 ^/ P5 i: @
用法: void nosound(void); % U% R+ R$ O; C, B$ C! o% K
程序例: 
( |; Y1 g9 T( K2 D8 T/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds. 
. t3 N. b$ M+ J8 Q6 g& ]True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity. ) W, R5 j# _9 X! ?5 d" F1 ^6 P. d
This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory $ x- a9 S, z: h' q4 l- G/ u
generating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
! c7 \9 L$ i5 j q8 nWhen the factory started up, all the chickens died. 6 j/ U; K* S; v {1 n: r6 Q
Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone.
7 T: @7 F( _. Q9 j8 f0 {, w*/ / I5 j" z9 g6 w% B' d
int main(void)
9 j& h- e6 u* N{
% w0 h$ K$ S+ x7 e! |! nsound(7);
; F1 f8 E! B# p" }% x$ M8 I# Gdelay(10000); 2 K. w% I8 J% ?$ G0 f9 g. I
nosound(); 9 V! r b7 E' }/ y2 B, m q
}
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