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标题: 函数大全(g开头) [打印本页]

作者: 韩冰 时间: 2004-10-4 03:00
标题: 函数大全(g开头)
<

align=center>函数大全(g开头)


<

>函数名: gcvt 
功能: 把浮点数转换成字符串
用法: char *gcvt(double value, int ndigit, char *buf);
程序例: 
<

>#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
char str[25];
double num;
int sig = 5; /* significant digits */ 
<

>/* a regular number */
num = 9.876;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str); 
<

>/* a negative number */
num = -123.4567;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str); 
<

>/* scientific notation */
num = 0.678e5;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str); 
<

>return(0);
}



<

>函数名: geninterrupt 
功能: 产生一个软中断
用法: void geninterrupt(int intr_num);
程序例: 
<

>#include <CONIO.H>
#include <DOS.H>
<

>/* function prototype */
void writechar(char ch); 
<

>int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(80,25);
writechar('*');
getch();
return 0;
} 
<

>/*
outputs a character at the current cursor
position using the video BIOS to avoid the
scrolling of the screen when writing to
location (80,25).
*/ 
<

>void writechar(char ch)
{
struct text_info ti;
/* grab current text settings */
gettextinfo(&ti);
/* interrupt 0x10 sub-function 9 */
_AH = 9;
/* character to be output */
_AL = ch;
_BH = 0; /* video page */
_BL = ti.attribute; /* video attribute */
_CX = 1; /* repetition factor */
geninterrupt(0x10); /* output the char */
}


<

>函数名: getarccoords 
功能: 取得最后一次调用arc的坐标
用法: void far getarccoords(struct arccoordstype far *arccoords);
程序例: 
<

>#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 270;
char sstr[80], estr[80]; 
<

>/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
<

>/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("

ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
} 
<

>midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
<

>/* draw arc and get coordinates */
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, 100);
getarccoords(&arcinfo); 
<

>/* convert arc information into strings */
sprintf(sstr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xstart, arcinfo.ystart);
sprintf(estr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xend, arcinfo.yend); 
<

>/* output the arc information */
outtextxy(arcinfo.xstart,
arcinfo.ystart, sstr);
outtextxy(arcinfo.xend,
arcinfo.yend, estr); 
<

>/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



<

>函数名: getaspectratio 
功能: 返回当前图形模式的纵横比
用法: void far getaspectratio(int far *xasp, int far *yasp);
程序例: 
<

>#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xasp, yasp, midx, midy; 
<

>/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
<

>/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* get current aspect ratio settings */
getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp); 
/* draw normal circle */
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch(); 
/* draw wide circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch(); 
/* draw narrow circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);
circle(midx, midy, 100); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getbkcolor 
功能: 返回当前背景颜色
用法: int far getbkcolor(void);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STRING.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int bkcolor, midx, midy;
char bkname[35]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); 
/* get the current background color */
bkcolor = getbkcolor(); 
/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(bkcolor, bkname, 10);
strcat(bkname,
" is the current background color."); 
/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, bkname); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getc 
功能: 从流中取字符
用法: int getc(FILE *stream);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
int main(void)
{
char ch; 
printf("Input a character:");
/* read a character from the
standard input stream */
ch = getc(stdin);
printf("The character input was: '%c'\n",
ch);
return 0;
}



函数名: getcbrk 
功能: 获取Control_break设置
用法: int getcbrk(void);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DOS.H>
int main(void)
{
if (getcbrk())
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is on\n");
else
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is off\n"); 
return 0;
} 


函数名: getch 
功能: 从控制台无回显地取一个字符
用法: int getch(void);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
char ch; 
printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("\nYou input a '%c'\n", ch);
return 0;
}


函数名: getchar 
功能: 从stdin流中读字符
用法: int getchar(void);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
int main(void)
{
int c; 
/* Note that getchar reads from stdin and
is line buffered; this means it will
not return until you press ENTER. */ 
while ((c = getchar()) != '\n')
printf("%c", c); 
return 0;
}


函数名: getche 
功能: 从控制台取字符(带回显)
用法: int getche(void);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
char ch; 
printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("\nYou input a '%c'\n", ch);
return 0;
}


函数名: getcolor 
功能: 返回当前画线颜色
用法: int far getcolor(void);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STRING.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int color, midx, midy;
char colname[35]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); 
/* get the current drawing color */
color = getcolor(); 
/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(color, colname, 10);
strcat(colname,
" is the current drawing color."); 
/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, colname); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: getcurdir 
功能: 取指定驱动器的当前目录
用法: int getcurdir(int drive, char *direc);
程序例: 
#include <DIR.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <STRING.H>
char *current_directory(char *path)
{
strcpy(path, "X:\\"); /* fill string with form of response: X:\ */
path[0] = 'A' + getdisk(); /* replace X with current drive letter */
getcurdir(0, path+3); /* fill rest of string with current directory */
return(path);
} 
int main(void)
{
char curdir[MAXPATH]; 
current_directory(curdir);
printf("The current directory is %s\n", curdir); 
return 0;
}


函数名: getcwd 
功能: 取当前工作目录
用法: char *getcwd(char *buf, int n);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DIR.H>
int main(void)
{
char buffer[MAXPATH]; 
getcwd(buffer, MAXPATH);
printf("The current directory is: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
} 


函数名: getdate 
功能: 取DOS日期
用法: void getdate(struct *dateblk);
程序例: 
#include <DOS.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
int main(void)
{
struct date d; 
getdate(&d);
printf("The current year is: %d\n",
d.da_year);
printf("The current day is: %d\n",
d.da_day);
printf("The current month is: %d\n",
d.da_mon);
return 0;
}


函数名: getdefaultpalette 
功能: 返回调色板定义结构
用法: struct palettetype *far getdefaultpalette(void);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i; 
/* structure for returning palette copy */
struct palettetype far *pal=(void *) 0; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
} 
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* return a pointer to the default palette */
pal = getdefaultpalette(); 
for (i=0; i<16; i++)
{
printf("colors[%d] = %d\n", i,
pal->colors); & ?, V$ m" h' s
getch();
5 t' n" _/ W9 ?+ ]' {( R3 a6 Q3 o} " b" B: N/ t$ n2 s/ B4 x
/* clean up */
/ z% S$ K, B, E* D* B% ]2 }getch(); 1 l+ I$ x4 y- P3 w5 V8 C* J
closegraph();
2 |$ r. t2 \6 I4 r! H4 l9 r: ]return 0;
3 d/ F4 b0 y7 |2 o) ~: ]: D} 7 l+ @8 k3 v- J
7 F9 r+ ~0 u) H3 j }
! F2 l5 k; k! L6 w6 `5 }7 O: Q
函数名: getdisk 
) K9 h$ F2 R% G; o6 i* L功能: 取当前磁盘驱动器号 ( M9 b5 j9 N5 y# f$ H3 g! F
用法: int getdisk(void);
" B- y' `8 `& M$ W' D9 }程序例: 
9 Z$ o* @ E* g6 ~1 @/ ]/ J+ Q#include <STDIO.H>, [: @4 ~3 Z" L7 j' @
#include <DIR.H>
6 y+ s7 S( R( O0 z% Sint main(void) 4 c& g& G' \7 _4 H4 l9 v
{
; x0 N. C- `5 e" d5 ~int disk; & a W4 W3 u3 a! [
disk = getdisk() + 'A';
$ o. d: `( l3 L/ k) `$ e0 Y6 gprintf("The current drive is: %c\n",
; c' H: K# W3 s5 k5 T5 y ddisk); & y# m7 F' Z3 `+ c6 t0 ?4 @9 p6 }2 f
return 0; ; p1 d# N4 m$ b: O( N( v+ w5 m
}
5 v' y1 L7 g. N% s4 ]0 I% p1 d6 ~ Z+ b2 |7 x
9 W: ]% u+ L1 Z

* N1 [: [* H- ]6 M9 i" a函数名: getdrivername 
) H7 x2 R0 }+ e k% l) s# v: z功能: 返回指向包含当前图形驱动程序名字的字符串指针 & U% }% @. c/ U, j" S
用法: char *getdrivename(void); , ]* A7 v/ |4 _. x8 Z6 E
程序例: $ d) B; x" i4 A) ~" e
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
0 J/ [( {, d" j5 c7 v$ X O#include <STDLIB.H>
; O* v1 ?4 ~! S W- w6 }: x- x#include <STDIO.H>3 n- T! P4 C9 _, ~
#include <CONIO.H>
) o% Q- O' ]- r7 Z* V: {6 |. h. t! p9 bint main(void) Y8 E2 v/ D) |* O$ W4 m5 D7 y
{
7 f0 t1 K( W3 k' B. b/* request auto detection */ 2 P8 q; C& O z* z% g& Y
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; * }& H4 n! o& e D0 c8 z
/* stores the device driver name */ 7 _ l) {- K; {3 n: E) p
char *drivername; # `1 }/ {7 N. k' k( x
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
/ O3 w) q7 o) ^. Linitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); $ Q5 l+ g* _0 Q3 Q* ]
/* read result of initialization */ . m x+ F5 b. x8 M9 Q0 M( n( f- ]9 _
errorcode = graphresult(); - v+ h# d. A! ]' O
/* an error occurred */ 4 a& D8 g9 H/ h4 O* ^% p! u
if (errorcode != grOk)
$ ^. D# |: Y {9 b! U) a8 K* a! T{ ' F& \7 n* {$ m( B1 E; i2 C
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
 U9 O1 G, |+ k# ~grapherrormsg(errorcode));
$ P+ o( r# T/ F2 l$ s) b; o/ Xprintf("Press any key to halt:"); 1 o- ?& E( Z. y7 F. t# z
getch(); . K4 p T* H/ J! k: R
/* terminate with an error code */
) }; v; ^# K8 I$ c- Mexit(1);
- R; [9 k2 s) e4 ^% x( @} 
) V4 B# d% h* D* c W8 ?2 n5 Ksetcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
6 q7 U% y5 d& ]) B4 I& w# i6 x/* get name of the device driver in use */
8 {0 y; S* P, O5 B' \drivername = getdrivername(); 5 F" _1 a9 _8 D2 m# N
/* for centering text on the screen */ * }% f5 _# c7 L2 d' H$ R! b5 F
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); ; J. _% i# ?! C$ N: c# C) I1 z
/* output the name of the driver */
: v, z3 t1 S; }3 Eouttextxy(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2, % }3 ?& H& d& p8 M7 |
drivername); 
, r/ P: Y! t" a1 [/ m$ _7 F7 x/* clean up */ : ?. E A& Z3 @) t
getch(); 5 ]; J/ ~2 t3 @% j3 a' V' }
closegraph();
) B( b; @5 H2 S% c6 {return 0; ; N! H6 u% {$ A2 N% j$ ~* M
} u+ w0 f8 {1 V" N" ]! L$ }

- }) Q4 b: Z) z3 h, |6 ~2 f/ N
8 i7 D2 y- `5 c" C" T0 z函数名: getdta 5 a f, B4 j, K: @
功能: 取磁盘传输地址 3 f$ ~7 D1 k: N- U
用法: char far *getdta(void);
. q. q1 t# u L( j7 s程序例: ; B9 s/ J/ l8 `5 Q) w) p% `
#include <DOS.H>
3 ~3 ~: A. }% K1 F- H) U2 w#include <STDIO.H>
8 [0 z, r3 ~0 Y8 y; I+ d& d0 mint main(void) 0 @% H0 T! A2 J Z% L0 x
{ " E4 b$ J. y3 S% i- {" N1 v
char far *dta; 
4 ?( h8 V) y/ E4 {5 Qdta = getdta();
4 \' m( K' d! F% F& Aprintf("The current disk transfer \ $ c" w- U) o7 P0 K
address is: %Fp\n", dta);
, d/ l* {& a V, e& w9 ~5 Preturn 0; # l5 Y) }( R: l! w, y
} 1 ^1 P% [" A' d4 C# T& C
' q i# i! q+ Y" r# C. n
/ S p1 l2 B; c; D! K6 E) L
函数名: getenv 
% L! f0 v! Q. L }, v功能: 从环境中取字符串 : P" k1 Z4 R {" K6 Q/ `1 n
用法: char *getenv(char *envvar); + j5 G4 F$ w" j& e4 ~/ `" q
程序例: 
" b; k. m+ [* \% h4 ^5 J- c#include <STDLIB.H>. r$ R9 ], t, Z$ g; `* e0 P
#include <STDIO.H>
: g0 N+ e' Q/ {0 R- e+ Z
9 M9 @" @; G- y. l" G( M0 G( vint main(void)
2 |2 Y/ q% R# j% b0 L, A{ " U- d. C: z/ q! b6 ?
char *s; 1 x( Z3 E* h, @2 v _, j, _
s=getenv("COMSPEC"); /* get the comspec environment parameter */
1 e% B# s& K# mprintf("Command processor: %s\n",s); /* display comspec parameter */ + [1 v/ S( s7 l; Z8 N
return 0; ! z: U0 Y) ^: P$ M: G
} 
* N* T% u9 ?! D% I+ ^
2 f! \ C. F7 x) D. ^& n9 ~& |1 D9 F& f0 r

3 w# P+ R3 A4 v" V* V/ j) p# F9 k函数名: getfat, getfatd , g) t3 @7 N; ?+ B4 O& m. r
功能: 取文件分配表信息
) D: u. A3 n' P2 {% W" f用法: void getfat(int drive, struct fatinfo *fatblkp); 6 H/ ?% T/ R% `* }; ^7 f$ m. {/ X
程序例: 
* {1 \) s+ w2 }- }( f, O1 v+ T. A! K#include <STDIO.H>6 B+ O2 P( l5 t+ j! ?, @
#include <DOS.H>
$ |1 ]6 ~6 g* D: V$ ~% M% N' y+ mint main(void) 3 G- e, v8 f( `/ w8 \' T7 c
{ 0 j* l% P& t2 K, c: u4 r
struct fatinfo diskinfo;
, I! r: I- ] A4 r' R" H2 N. \int flag = 0; 
$ |2 B/ f6 r/ D$ A, q% Qprintf("Please insert disk in drive A\n");
) x3 g, B& }9 c! r. e+ U5 qgetchar(); 
0 G1 w. B/ L) b! I' }8 ]getfat(1, &diskinfo);
' l7 V7 n/ Z$ _0 ~# z/* get drive information */ 0 o4 q: z# `; k% L
printf("\nDrive A: is ");
& j+ A0 i3 [) t& w- Zswitch((unsigned char) diskinfo.fi_fatid)
: r* w! w5 D6 O{
/ b/ ^5 ^( I) ]case 0xFD: ! o# S# R7 Q2 o% E. M; `, V
printf("360K low density\n");
% I/ P7 O8 q' p' ~2 a' q/ rbreak; / o4 ]* C6 R, y. |, K5 d
case 0xF9: , D9 m: C) d( u( {5 E8 v
printf("1.2 Meg high density\n"); ! V6 P) g4 O }/ m
break; 
: A" I- l; @) ^& [) u2 ldefault: % _ V+ q2 k' e4 B$ ]- f3 v
printf("unformatted\n"); ! {" Z$ Z3 @! e! h3 K. ]
flag = 1;
, v) R$ Z" O, w# c9 X} 1 f% b, Y- R+ y2 Y/ ?1 E9 `8 j f
if (!flag)
" B. q/ i- ]3 {& |1 K1 H6 x2 Y{ 7 _7 o% t! Q; z4 K$ X6 |+ M
printf(" sectors per cluster %5d\n", / ?3 S8 N/ k( G; y& w
diskinfo.fi_sclus);
1 W! V% W1 F" ?& z" j+ z/ q- G/ Kprintf(" number of clusters %5d\n",
4 i3 i% T( T3 o- S9 @5 B% jdiskinfo.fi_nclus); 6 N; }2 V5 i4 o- p, |5 Q
printf(" bytes per sector %5d\n", Z& E0 V" u/ H& Z8 g% V2 `
diskinfo.fi_bysec); 8 I& M' e9 D V4 a% v! I& K
} , c$ x. `' j% A: a; u
return 0; " L p! v2 W' w( {1 Z/ _) b
} $ J' a5 v0 b! ]
6 n6 ~, @+ R: f: V, @6 @3 ]- U2 a* N

: O9 U8 |( ^- ?) \函数名: getfillpattern 
* n( v1 P. E0 G. ]0 }% m功能: 将用户定义的填充模式拷贝到内存中 8 L0 R, d+ R( H3 j5 n0 ~
用法: void far getfillpattern(char far *upattern);
, ~% A* l' F+ ~6 B9 F程序例: 4 A) N4 [4 ?( l5 G7 ~+ s$ l; \) V
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
' G( O9 B5 E, W) Z9 U#include <STDLIB.H>9 D! I" S8 n# V( P9 e& L- v" T/ _
#include <STDIO.H>
4 P: S; b$ i' o#include <CONIO.H>, S; u! `/ a: S7 Z/ Y7 `3 v! @+ T
int main(void)
; }6 P* b* R# J' k+ o{
' [$ q% k/ z/ Z) S! d- [" s/* request auto detection */
) M" M* ]3 [+ G# Xint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; : ]& x' Y, \* X. y/ P3 Z
int maxx, maxy; - c. N. L8 w+ |3 H& u# ~
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x25, 0x27, 0x04, 0x04}; 
, B1 o0 e& R6 C! i/* initialize graphics and local variables */ . S4 c5 x3 f- O3 V( B/ p
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); . X0 L R r: w- X* ?3 ?
/* read result of initialization */ : t3 M A& M: S7 \# T( {
errorcode = graphresult();
3 v( K: F' u1 kif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
( I# {; z$ s8 \{ . M' Y9 C6 A+ @' z g
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); : c$ F' N" n3 [7 K. d
printf("Press any key to halt:"); 5 c; B5 W* \; x, A' u8 U
getch(); 2 q" p: O& }+ M8 L) K" \
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
$ I3 l2 D7 k9 \! S# L1 y- C* F} 
 N; ^. J. F1 ^3 y; F( k5 q" l5 fmaxx = getmaxx();
/ x7 ^: [$ [4 h! Pmaxy = getmaxy();
) C: `1 J1 c( B5 \7 hsetcolor(getmaxcolor()); , V+ q$ Q- F b/ Q7 k
/* select a user defined fill pattern */ ' O$ ?+ \7 T3 f0 @9 X+ j
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor()); 6 r2 X) g$ N/ e8 _7 `
/* fill the screen with the pattern */ o3 S' ^ K" j$ S
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy); 
$ s" C9 s# A. b/ ^9 ogetch(); 9 s; [2 f; @ c
/* get the current user defined fill pattern */
9 `$ l0 R _7 r5 R/ R1 o/ A5 ggetfillpattern(pattern); 
4 C& w0 h8 V; M$ a- D/ `/* alter the pattern we grabbed */
+ I1 I) J4 X/ bpattern[4] -= 1; , g2 \0 x( n# T0 o4 S
pattern[5] -= 3;
( Q4 X+ ]8 o9 P) }, R8 i; apattern[6] += 3; 7 h9 M4 q! A( K- C
pattern[7] -= 4; 1 I) u2 Q+ ^" M6 W- P
/* select our new pattern */
/ p7 i6 ^. m, Nsetfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor()); 3 W+ w; W3 V. k7 F8 U0 B
/* fill the screen with the new pattern */
' |2 I" l* B) ubar(0, 0, maxx, maxy); + h; N. O/ f y: }7 K4 f" E1 Z
/* clean up */
; ~# L* ?5 v! t. ^ mgetch();
: ^9 W. Z! B6 N9 O# m$ Tclosegraph();
2 j& S! w% J! E4 E' Q, Treturn 0; + @3 k; f' k$ Z0 S9 I$ I
}
8 U3 l1 J7 B3 f; z4 q: P4 h6 H5 h2 d6 X3 h

' r6 ^; `5 G3 `* Q! a7 `2 ^5 T函数名: getfillsettings * Q X8 Y4 x! ]! f2 v6 |5 A: n
功能: 取得有关当前填充模式和填充颜色的信息
6 A) K# Q" F. @4 P* n7 M) M用法: void far getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo); + P" g# a7 S; X) a9 s. a% x
程序例: 
' {. G% H6 z, R2 G#include <GRAPHICS.H>
( @, S A6 T) Z$ h& p5 g1 Y#include <STDLIB.H>
2 C5 p- O8 m; g9 s. z: L4 I: a: K/ V#include <STDIO.H>6 ?* g Z* b5 L! f$ D! x
#include <CONIO.H>
0 x+ q* b/ Z- v9 d6 G" D/ the names of the fill styles supported */
; m" Y! ]: I3 y) [& zchar *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL", 1 L8 V% R3 P5 V* ~
"SOLID_FILL",
 j: t: J" g7 |' g/ i"LINE_FILL",
. _# F! R9 W2 y- `"LTSLASH_FILL", & ]. T1 `, u% X
"SLASH_FILL", 3 I! u% z2 \" C& Y$ _8 u& N3 k
"BKSLASH_FILL",
' g; W" T, H/ ?6 o- B/ J& I' Q"LTBKSLASH_FILL", . S7 ^0 @+ J1 R, {! [) R. u4 W9 Q/ X
"HATCH_FILL",
' ]% ^) | S ]% F2 j"XHATCH_FILL",
( z% D' c: r) ?0 q. k$ C"INTERLEAVE_FILL", 4 ]/ e: h; m X
"WIDE_DOT_FILL",
/ j9 u, H6 g$ q"CLOSE_DOT_FILL",
: E" p5 G' N D! {$ [1 z"USER_FILL" * q1 N* J: F- g- y) Q
}; 
- o5 f% s/ {0 p0 j) i; N) jint main(void)
, h5 a5 H! B' H/ s, f7 K{ 4 T% c ]+ m2 `' `
/* request auto detection */ , Y8 Q6 H7 H& M& j% N \# d& ?
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 4 [. k" a: I7 j. b
struct fillsettingstype fillinfo; # D' T) r0 q/ {
int midx, midy; 7 A8 e5 x4 {" {* _) W- Q
char patstr[40], colstr[40]; 
; m; C+ }# @1 ^/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 9 D' P" p8 P: t" d7 j
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
# r5 S# a# K5 t! F* n5 b) J/ X/* read result of initialization */
! O4 E# ]$ K4 q Y* N4 m* c$ z qerrorcode = graphresult(); : L8 V6 o# @4 E' F0 {: i
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
$ I! V) Z' M: B( \$ F9 i6 a$ S, t- [{
# {& k& w. }% \0 d/ Q2 u: q) x! Iprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
6 L0 D, @4 Z5 j6 Zprintf("Press any key to halt:"); 4 \& ?) u( d/ B( t
getch();
2 J6 K) `$ b: v8 d* |! Hexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
# O5 ^, z8 v1 h4 c} 
% p+ W3 k0 S# w9 |& V- pmidx = getmaxx() / 2; " L1 k" a+ [; Y: J
midy = getmaxy() / 2; , y6 \. B& j2 J$ y. o; L. \* B
/* get information about current fill pattern and color */
9 C1 E- P4 h; Cgetfillsettings(&fillinfo); $ C/ p9 d# P2 I P. O. B
/* convert fill information into strings */
2 e6 D* B4 j0 {+ ] j3 p2 psprintf(patstr, "%s is the fill style.", fname[fillinfo.pattern]); ) p% U" t! i+ v" d
sprintf(colstr, "%d is the fill color.", fillinfo.color); 
, ^% u$ K2 x8 k! z+ X/ g9 D$ D. t/* display the information */ $ F% n0 x. K. `" O$ D4 U6 E
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
1 y8 _# V$ Y; {, j7 u4 p& Pouttextxy(midx, midy, patstr); 0 M2 c& p8 m5 a8 c$ S* Y5 A
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), colstr); ; Z! T1 H) G2 }7 A
/* clean up */
, N6 ^' A& G5 V! }getch();
! J- I1 o# q V! lclosegraph();
* u+ j. q" J4 ^8 F* [6 kreturn 0;
0 \, r8 L/ J$ ?* _% P9 y3 Z `4 L} ; y3 d3 O4 j' v0 t

 ^! t* e0 |7 q5 U7 l/ C/ l! g; C" M; i

2 x$ X1 s) d5 `9 H8 b: c函数名: getftime 
7 [! G$ x* Z' {3 {+ @功能: 取文件日期和时间 0 N8 }9 S! h, Z6 O
用法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep); 9 [; o7 |% C i' ~5 A# z9 Z
程序例: 1 o2 G, G& x( Z ]9 A6 f
#include <STDIO.H>- J! \9 p( `0 T; ]! i* k
#include <IO.H>
" I: ?) {+ _) v2 p* H4 |* r/ g" Hint main(void)
/ {1 ^& Z: Z+ Q. T; x" h! [" W7 ]{ 8 W5 S2 l+ e6 E4 L! u2 F: ]2 l# V
FILE *stream;
$ H. r: ^. _( H# Kstruct ftime ft; 
0 C4 @: j7 H6 |- ^# g0 r+ T$ _2 Gif ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
- [; a9 j. Y: x0 `4 ~4 x. i"wt")) == NULL)
# d/ \' @( j8 V9 k$ \: X X" G) w{
. a* A. s0 M, i4 G0 ]2 I% Mfprintf(stderr, @" G) b0 \5 V& t ?' g6 B$ Q
"Cannot open output file.\n");
; T; M( T7 a2 z; g( P0 ?return 1;
4 K, g7 U; L3 S$ ]: {} * h" G8 M r$ n; ~' r
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft); ) v- b& q; A3 G
printf("File time: %u:%u:%u\n",
, R$ Z Z. b. u' m2 sft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
# H: [ o# z! F9 Bft.ft_tsec * 2);
# W( J( n% q' @- L) yprintf("File date: %u/%u/%u\n", 5 h) u" _. f' y8 o6 {
ft.ft_month, ft.ft_day, 8 j2 a3 e& J& S8 @( S7 w
ft.ft_year+1980); , ]; J, @) i$ P* H& e/ v" `1 e! w
fclose(stream); ! d1 f% z/ a1 ?2 _" O" v4 w" g
return 0; 7 p8 @! T' J/ \7 |( Q4 ]
} + i0 t; F0 W& n2 j

: A1 L0 e2 E3 L* V0 E7 C+ }1 [6 D5 Q5 b% r$ C& Y3 X: D) [

# q8 S; y1 S9 E0 G0 Y5 O函数名: getgraphmode ! i' H0 B. y4 R- Q( M; w5 q
功能: 返回当前图形模式 ' `0 [$ T* a% Z8 c
用法: int far getgraphmode(void); 7 B( D2 q6 M# S) h3 @1 V' q: B
程序例: 
# R, `8 J: b# G) C8 \4 m; z7 Q#include <GRAPHICS.H>% k I; s4 O0 A) Y
#include <STDLIB.H>' S& W1 G7 y9 C, F6 C" R a
#include <STDIO.H>8 v0 c' ?/ N% c
#include <CONIO.H>
; s V9 e" |$ _( D* iint main(void) # a# x5 W* K0 `) u/ x
{ ' u* I' f3 p8 v1 q, X
/* request auto detection */
* }+ H$ L/ b3 \: t1 A/ bint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
" S0 D4 F. e- q& i5 f9 V9 t3 Hint midx, midy, mode;
+ w% \; E: ~8 ` L" ?( kchar numname[80], modename[80]; 
( Q9 l. K( b5 D1 D5 R- m8 a! a' z" f/* initialize graphics and local variables */
/ L$ x" F$ v6 S+ N0 L1 J minitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ; N9 P4 V0 E" u. } m
/* read result of initialization */
4 S2 m5 s4 o1 u: `& xerrorcode = graphresult();
, q6 v g3 w# T5 L( N3 s; Q/* an error occurred */ ' ?. a/ I$ j8 g# O; D9 g' L1 u
if (errorcode != grOk) 2 C" W: o- Y6 I9 q% E1 A
{
+ E3 L0 E0 o: [- b7 e7 t% t* tprintf("Graphics error: %s\n",
( Y& U$ I) p+ W/ F8 s; L( O/ tgrapherrormsg(errorcode)); $ @9 n: `/ V0 O I
printf("Press any key to halt:"); ! o" H, `9 l9 {# @6 N9 @
getch(); " s* V$ x+ E. M
/* terminate with an error code */
3 p1 ^- q! o+ x! @exit(1);
- d6 b! m# m7 U+ c3 q+ ?} - p @. \5 n+ u
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
: l( \3 Q( G- i( w T+ E+ U" Wmidy = getmaxy() / 2; 
" w/ |) h; L* Z6 Z/* get mode number and name strings */
4 s* j- b0 }; j0 z4 ?mode = getgraphmode(); 0 n3 s! X; H+ N, h3 L7 @& H. w
sprintf(numname,
$ X5 J7 `" h# O' { Y"%d is the current mode number.", ; X! R! S: C, x/ F8 [
mode); / h! x( X+ w5 u8 W+ Q6 V
sprintf(modename,
+ f1 u3 v. J1 P& y% C"%s is the current graphics mode", 3 w. d& a& o. r) P
getmodename(mode)); 
 Z' K9 n& g- M% D% k: Q/* display the information */
+ u4 X+ ^, }. { Usettextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
# a. }6 r2 \3 O* Y2 V# nouttextxy(midx, midy, numname);
% k) A, v" `0 T+ D' h3 U$ X- ?outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), . }5 [+ H+ N: O- Y l* w, q2 W/ [
modename); # s7 v! |% j7 o) T' B
/* clean up */ $ z8 R$ s6 y0 e* `# N1 {4 }
getch();
$ Y* D0 l5 B0 H" }/ nclosegraph();
" Q# m! V# ]) |& ^return 0;
3 V9 h3 K. s. y3 S! [} 
, U' f5 Z: J/ r. [5 O p
" ^9 ~' j# ?) s. J1 D
( b' v- h! Z- \/ L2 i y函数名: getftime , R8 s+ b% |/ L4 }9 b j* e
功能: 取文件日期和时间
. t% L1 s5 a% A2 D& Y. S" m用法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep); & I$ G* R) @( [; v
程序例: 
! [& H! s4 j8 m2 _8 c9 K#include <STDIO.H> M& u7 ?5 m1 N
#include <IO.H>
$ s- q! @, ?" o) @; Uint main(void) 9 [" L( `1 w/ j
{ 1 \2 c; Y: c! t5 Z3 A Z+ v
FILE *stream; 4 V" u4 p- ]2 `3 b v
struct ftime ft; 
/ O6 c- G, j# g' Vif ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
$ ^0 O" `) V r"wt")) == NULL) " M* r* z( n6 `8 z% @" z
{
# I9 T1 T" u U5 wfprintf(stderr, 3 |' ?; R& h+ g ^& c
"Cannot open output file.\n"); 3 A/ l2 t% _* H
return 1; ' I2 ~. i) u' k* r0 `% y0 C: z
} 9 p7 [- O& w2 n& ?; w; ?' C: L2 S
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft);
" A. @: k7 u9 p% nprintf("File time: %u:%u:%u\n", & s5 B, }- V- g) [8 ]
ft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
 a& q3 S x% fft.ft_tsec * 2);
 ^& q- K" m2 ~4 Gprintf("File date: %u/%u/%u\n",
6 `) U, k2 S) N: v0 sft.ft_month, ft.ft_day, 8 H" ^" k; g1 ]; A! n* ~4 c6 q
ft.ft_year+1980); # z% }- ?: U2 H, t
fclose(stream);
6 b7 p' Z# |6 F5 w$ s$ D: Mreturn 0;
) r4 W$ E ?& e$ Y. O" M2 u} 3 B' @- v8 g) j) v7 ]
. {/ Z j7 C8 ~' ?; ~: n
' Y/ C7 r3 d6 @) S2 o0 E
! I4 N* }, z; O( p$ g. X
函数名: getgraphmode ( y7 t p! g0 ]! I3 A/ c
功能: 返回当前图形模式
0 J4 m7 A+ I9 V' }) N# S用法: int far getgraphmode(void);
/ a; F @# C7 ^, W程序例: ! o5 `. M7 Q' j* u
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
$ J2 U" a; R7 r0 a t% V1 ?#include <STDLIB.H>" m- R4 L) K# K! Q
#include <STDIO.H>. `" r! @! W0 d" Z I7 z% `& X4 p4 g
#include <CONIO.H> i7 `! t. }. E' y3 R
int main(void)
0 c1 D* j2 t% _7 F{
) u9 N7 `+ R$ L' c1 B/* request auto detection */
7 {( u- g: s, t% mint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 9 n. v& }1 @! e/ j0 h
int midx, midy, mode;
& `$ O; m. w; {, lchar numname[80], modename[80]; 8 r/ D. a" y- `3 {- [7 f" N
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
$ q# o' c! i" e0 [, z$ q8 Finitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); - i8 o( \8 W3 c4 S: t
/* read result of initialization */
3 t- F- \) s, F/ q2 a; @! qerrorcode = graphresult();
1 M! C. P; P2 Y( Q/* an error occurred */
. `( a" R$ v5 k, eif (errorcode != grOk)
7 U4 \+ i: K7 j. J) M2 e: d1 W{
, h; K! Q* T) v8 u [printf("Graphics error: %s\n", ; |, @5 e4 ]; a! o. _+ ^; [
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
2 i6 A8 M8 X$ @printf("Press any key to halt:"); 2 P5 \* u$ A" z P1 a7 D
getch(); ' L; s, B2 Q$ M+ ]( Y. J7 Z, o) i; i: e
/* terminate with an error code */ : ^& P) |2 C! ]! n2 A
exit(1);
( f6 ^" Z; e9 T/ {4 H7 [: y} 
$ L1 [$ l1 }# N3 @midx = getmaxx() / 2;
! X' V& K# k! e4 Xmidy = getmaxy() / 2; ; F# {9 |4 U5 }1 v
/* get mode number and name strings */
8 c$ M7 h6 |( p v6 l1 {- l2 ~mode = getgraphmode(); 9 ]- u5 T4 q4 n) z* x+ ^& A
sprintf(numname,
+ t* L, a5 j; `% Q"%d is the current mode number.",
+ m) G' E2 w; ?; C. a: Dmode); 6 z) D/ Z; g7 t, m
sprintf(modename,
- l0 w/ E- o, O) ^+ u- j2 z; `"%s is the current graphics mode",
6 `6 _3 |: v# g* V! pgetmodename(mode)); & _2 B ?/ I" j0 s5 n& H
/* display the information */ - o8 ^& K6 F( Q3 T6 O
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); 3 o2 n5 C& B7 t1 c7 b8 \8 S4 [
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
5 B; I' R% k* q8 l! T& Touttextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"),
+ d5 N: I; r5 S( m3 Amodename); . C: U8 C* W/ q' ~# \
/* clean up */
* ~( s8 h& X0 @) K7 I5 B, `getch(); ( t6 n ^( J5 F+ Z4 V4 }
closegraph();
* D; q) R: [- {" j/ S5 Ureturn 0;
- w S4 @7 z* ^! ^# x1 ^: Z. |8 I} ) ? M/ w3 b9 L& P: X* M {! g
8 f' b r, ]% C) d

# k- }4 s% a+ {% u4 V! u4 I% \函数名: getimage $ q1 K3 ]# D0 f* P! n2 n; L
功能: 将指定区域的一个位图存到主存中
4 ^" ~, a+ v# x1 P6 O# S用法: void far getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
. v( R# R. E% a+ [* j6 Q' v9 Zvoid far *bitmap);
0 |8 u# i* Y, h- N程序例: 
# b, ]- R8 c2 t#include <GRAPHICS.H>
; e; h, U3 l7 S1 W8 G! f! S#include <STDLIB.H>+ x" h& I4 H/ q+ h5 J2 Q6 X. B
#include <STDIO.H>
3 _8 P0 z) g* ]% w6 v9 [/ G; \/ d#include <CONIO.H>
% o+ o6 }% `( @: E N" ~% B#include <ALLOC.H>
: U4 s* W8 _* N5 o. kvoid save_screen(void far *buf[4]);
" @' d' N# ^- i( Fvoid restore_screen(void far *buf[4]); + B8 B+ z9 r0 q1 Q( q8 ~$ _6 b: D
int maxx, maxy; 
! M& x5 X z9 X6 F2 a- xint main(void)
* _6 O. E% W9 d9 r7 s{ B* e' E3 C, n4 m5 N. {
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
2 `1 d% |" }* B! L6 ^$ lvoid far *ptr[4]; + P, W" L3 I0 @ d8 D
/* auto-detect the graphics driver and mode */ % c3 s) h$ B0 u
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
+ g: @7 L+ B' M" @& G+ m, merrorcode = graphresult(); /* check for any errors */
/ B9 ?- d7 Z- }5 E' E5 ^if (errorcode != grOk)
- ~* T+ }/ a6 s) h' @8 y" d{ J: g( D. W3 `7 H) i. |
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); + l8 x3 A4 W4 C) S, R, S! v! i N8 B
printf("Press any key to halt:");
( t$ W5 c" m: `; ]9 Wgetch(); " g- C- \0 |" d4 T# [3 t4 n
exit(1); 9 R3 [8 k- O9 [0 k# l& z$ i
} ( m9 Q4 e" V6 M+ n, W$ e
maxx = getmaxx(); + U3 @" {& z$ N9 @. L
maxy = getmaxy(); / c D. i& i4 R# d) Q
/* draw an image on the screen */ " F! z, Z8 C( N
rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy); - [* _1 j: M) x# P
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy); ; j/ i0 `1 X) v" J
line(0, maxy, maxx, 0); $ h) _7 N0 I( L
save_screen(ptr); /* save the current screen */ , V9 n# o9 n& r6 L
getch(); /* pause screen */ ) m0 B( @) ]) P3 q4 z3 ]; ?1 ~4 F1 L
cleardevice(); /* clear screen */
" D8 ~9 `* ^( H/ `restore_screen(ptr); /* restore the screen */ ) t* p Q" _# O8 `, N" {
getch(); /* pause screen */ 
7 F6 @; X4 ^- M( ]3 B1 sclosegraph();
' q2 n2 s s0 kreturn 0;
( s) A5 V! {0 v9 x0 [} 
) j* x4 O. |' y+ Y/ _: Gvoid save_screen(void far *buf[4])
6 X! y) E, o! y/ R- T8 j{ 7 V/ Z" e/ t- a: u+ } i* O
unsigned size;
4 t2 e2 D8 L$ U9 Qint ystart=0, yend, yincr, block; 2 G8 t6 M5 L" h& E2 t, J
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
 W7 h$ s* U$ G# d& a) l: o3 D6 eyend = yincr; 5 h4 v7 ]# I& j) X" ^
size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */ 
5 l# j, d' n" V8 } x$ D8 Ofor (block=0; block<=3; block++) ; y6 g5 m9 o/ Q# O; l8 p
{
: H/ B6 p: w2 ^* Tif ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
7 z& f, a6 C) E- Z" b% i{ 7 X' Q( ^4 B7 D7 K
closegraph();
/ e' H7 ~4 @+ B0 Hprintf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen().\n"); 6 n6 p0 W* _; \& M0 P# l
exit(1); 6 S: N! [% \+ `8 A7 K8 Y0 M Y
} 
! {$ ~) r3 I$ ]! y. L# S+ igetimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]); * S1 o2 J( `! T; j+ j0 A E( I
ystart = yend + 1;
5 {# c* z5 B% X# ^9 z* w( iyend += yincr + 1; 8 g4 t2 a4 ?3 b. g Y6 F
}
. o- H0 s) T6 O. C} 9 ]% R$ _% A) ` c
void save_screen(void far *buf[4])
% D3 K/ I; f! w3 x$ D/ {' H6 d) P2 D{
( _: g9 u: F& }& h( gunsigned size; u! _! v: P( w, S
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block; . q- @+ r& z; L6 N; }
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
* e* \% V% L7 {6 W, N1 B" O1 Tyend = yincr;
* s8 b& e0 @+ b I# asize = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */ * z5 a$ _7 Q8 J" ^! f
for (block=0; block<=3; block++) \' y; I; w7 e+ q b8 p+ P
{ * m( c; q5 l( p5 M2 F
if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
' p8 | x! s9 E" g& W; o! b8 y{
) \0 p1 y4 N4 Nclosegraph(); 0 P3 i v0 W6 q% Z0 \2 E
printf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen().\n"); 4 p( G2 d; v% w
exit(1); 4 x: [5 s5 c" l1 s5 e5 h* s
} ( I+ n' U$ \9 t3 \) O
getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]); - M/ S) b3 T& l, l( w1 ~. Y# m
ystart = yend + 1;
* H5 K; A, ?3 a; l* B7 `2 _yend += yincr + 1; 9 F. j0 k Q$ j8 c, h
} 1 T( t. y( C2 }1 Q3 n* q3 n( ] \
} 2 F& Z: f6 p* T% P5 B
void restore_screen(void far *buf[4])
8 S, y6 |: h, P{ 2 {9 Y* u( f# O# D% t
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block; - c c2 I& \3 e( T# H
yincr = (maxy+1) / 4; 4 k9 `0 Y3 ]7 {7 s# J3 l: U7 A$ }
yend = yincr; 
( E) T- f$ d0 m4 n _0 D+ o4 nfor (block=0; block<=3; block++) 3 t: n; O$ g+ ]( S2 [$ O
{
4 f# v: d: V2 q2 @, C4 Gputimage(0, ystart, buf[block], COPY_PUT);
2 c/ [2 J2 S: B( F! k0 Kfarfree(buf[block]); ( ]9 V( J+ z2 C5 H3 q' _5 z
ystart = yend + 1; 3 L/ @$ {7 X2 w$ s4 n% `( z0 i$ \% S
yend += yincr + 1; ! _/ d/ l7 _% m# f$ {- |* w' s
} / e8 j; Q; F& i" M/ e! W: V
} 
, g. F& ~' `) b( t' {7 L# ]8 y- ^* X0 s' m, i: u1 a
+ X g4 c/ C9 v, n& u9 Y: z' i
函数名: getlinesettings 
 T, l U) e5 }6 P功能: 取当前线型、模式和宽度 . s6 S O; v2 N5 L
用法: void far getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far *lininfo):
3 b. I) D4 H# t' n; j. P程序例: 
0 T8 O/ B5 P$ x5 @: _! n( x" E$ K2 W#include <GRAPHICS.H>
, q' Y: w( g; s8 d: x' ^#include <STDLIB.H>& p. A& T( X3 {* r/ `4 W4 @9 E
#include <STDIO.H>
6 Z; ]( F: \8 ?" a! u2 n#include <CONIO.H>5 J! z4 W* S' I; f' Y
/* the names of the line styles supported */
# }5 P8 ]1 U6 B2 i" @char *lname[] = { "SOLID_LINE", 1 _: F8 ~1 u* T2 X
"DOTTED_LINE",
" Y' b+ c F7 L/ j8 I"CENTER_LINE", 2 H9 U, T. q( }2 j: I4 M" c
"DASHED_LINE", 5 ~: M$ H/ H) } y& L( Z) |
"USERBIT_LINE"
' b8 u2 x2 {$ y" ?1 d}; 0 x( t$ d9 M; e* F% J
int main(void) 2 Y' V& q3 {" {7 j
{
" i0 m, o* o2 q' z; d; @/* request auto detection */
6 h6 b4 _2 W" I- d6 ?int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; " n* Q9 V+ r/ C& j- r# Y) n
struct linesettingstype lineinfo;
 h- E) p0 f6 Y3 h+ c2 X- h7 Fint midx, midy;
7 y6 @# N# X1 [0 wchar lstyle[80], lpattern[80], lwidth[80]; 7 r/ p* I& [6 K |$ N9 p
/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 3 Q5 {- ]- h; A, G2 s; e2 ]; Z( M
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); , l* I" C# B/ H3 h! b
/* read result of initialization */ . H) R+ A' g9 D# |' |
errorcode = graphresult();
* Z0 a/ c2 S# \1 N2 l8 |0 uif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
% D* O* o7 D. u6 j' Y2 F{
# Y# O" M8 O# o/ S1 i* z9 gprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); ! g( b, z2 T5 i: q
printf("Press any key to halt:"); e4 D3 i! l' V8 R3 ?
getch();
6 W# w* N. C/ A# }# {& A, I% aexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
% z1 d" o2 W7 |} " z' _3 {$ u( b& _
midx = getmaxx() / 2; ' N4 {2 e. E; S6 l( w2 S8 S: Q
midy = getmaxy() / 2; . u' l& Q9 _- f. ]+ @, G
/* get information about current line settings */
2 b* L" l4 h0 ^- j9 R( [% o6 zgetlinesettings(&lineinfo); " Z- h2 K5 X* n& C9 C* ~
/* convert line information into strings */ 9 J( V; C/ |5 ^5 w5 o
sprintf(lstyle, "%s is the line style.",
. y7 t& y4 g; T' L2 ~ qlname[lineinfo.linestyle]); : d$ Y' Q- @& o! d& D" \# j
sprintf(lpattern, "0x%X is the user-defined line pattern.",
" v" ~% R' x4 D( G% ], z7 `* F9 Hlineinfo.upattern);
6 c. H: p1 u9 E# k5 zsprintf(lwidth, "%d is the line thickness.", & O/ p5 M7 K) L/ k- G* y# I
lineinfo.thickness); 
1 f' Y, j/ ]: G/* display the information */ ; }5 R: P5 c) W3 V1 J2 A7 d
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
* _1 j2 S/ I: a) nouttextxy(midx, midy, lstyle);
8 ^" a, o) R% \/ c1 `" {! b/ Youttextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), lpattern); 4 F- W, N; E9 \# T1 u/ f! e$ ?' A5 |
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*textheight("W"), lwidth); 
! d* v3 B9 `7 {$ g, H/* clean up */ - D& C2 Q# B6 o: }6 G
getch();
: c( O! H) k% ^7 Z3 Z1 Nclosegraph();
; ]9 S2 Q$ Q8 f1 ~. Z0 sreturn 0;
$ i. c" H$ e, C C6 L} 
+ r& Y+ o# u4 |1 N5 u6 B! D
 g! U2 S$ |- D
$ f# x- I0 m& Y; _8 t* r函数名: getmaxcolor 
. D- @8 x2 `/ c0 y& n c& x8 Q# @% \功能: 返回可以传给函数setcolor的最大颜色值 " _( {0 S( q h1 j8 Q& @+ q
用法: int far getmaxcolor(void);
& q8 g8 M4 R& [4 D1 q2 p* {+ T/ }% Y程序例: 
% Z7 g) }5 o1 _/ P#include <GRAPHICS.H>
1 A+ W6 w: w3 c#include <STDLIB.H>
& |% I6 \7 q9 C, ~* ^#include <STDIO.H>
: o0 P. M# A$ O% B#include <CONIO.H>
+ B4 l* s9 v3 Gint main(void) }: m6 F4 |/ D- s, i
{ 9 ]" y8 [- n8 S4 i9 e! @. [
/* request auto detection */
- j$ R8 B- i' |int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
/ E$ N h; ?$ u, A! H1 c. Rint midx, midy; 3 \1 U9 f) p* _# [0 t, T9 c
char colstr[80]; & d4 o- V0 f* m0 z8 m
/* initialize graphics and local variables 9 m- H0 H' M5 K% j0 w% `6 G
*/ initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
; X- A7 e/ _- Q3 J+ r* B/* read result of initialization */ $ O# p( H7 P9 v6 e! J1 u
errorcode = graphresult();
- P/ T/ ^ Y, \ u: n0 q3 }: Mif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 0 }4 Y" Y" y5 O" ~2 D# o
{
6 V& }8 f# ?, J7 R& Wprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
1 W0 W- M6 i$ z( K6 w0 j8 j4 mprintf("Press any key to halt:"); 5 M6 `# O9 g6 o' _, X
getch(); % g% X' g% z( Q0 W
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ % i0 ?- R) B, }' g
} : O. k: }: q R: Q9 T# ?; C
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
* @& k/ H4 M$ C- X2 c+ \midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
/ U0 B1 ]; ?/ r0 T- t7 y/* grab the color info. and convert it to a string */ 8 ^5 V7 `9 I! o6 j8 U
sprintf(colstr, "This mode supports colors 0..%d", getmaxcolor()); / V% s* j- B- f4 T- a# M: n- ]% a
/* display the information */ ) u" [4 R$ k+ u$ L% R5 i
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
5 d; a& g# Q' j/ P) E! A# q7 pouttextxy(midx, midy, colstr); 1 n. z j# o, d( _4 N9 [
/* clean up */ 2 R7 D( d% H8 R) ]) K* [+ _
getch(); 6 H5 a& l: |2 s b
closegraph(); h* S9 T7 j3 M3 V
return 0; $ x/ f6 V; r2 X( L' g
} ! K0 F2 }9 ?3 J1 I7 Z- I

. s- p N. q. U% B3 b; ~) m; t5 f8 Q5 v% D. F( g7 o2 d4 }

$ Y L! m! e) X, Z# {3 {+ T' D1 ~* i函数名: getmaxx $ P! J5 c2 q# o* C/ Z' h, d+ r
功能: 返回屏幕的最大x坐标
) _9 p, d6 B6 g7 B6 V9 D用法: int far getmaxx(void);
; [5 k5 y9 Y- G; x程序例: ( A! X) Z( B- V/ i. ^
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
( o- m* r% b i& {( W#include <STDLIB.H>
$ B/ V3 i+ s7 }" |9 s7 d( [6 d$ G#include <STDIO.H>; t- j- p) k8 f4 E% R- f7 b
#include <CONIO.H>
, @4 s# i; N: T8 ^( R! v) I$ Yint main(void)
) _! `4 f1 J9 ^$ O. b{
8 j- X# p: w5 I7 p! {8 I- d/* request auto detection */
 D \" S+ e; r$ x- i3 G" }# p+ Zint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
# H# b/ }. |' r; n% R8 Xchar xrange[80], yrange[80]; 
( N- B8 S2 u" e/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 4 Y7 K$ h* _: c8 @
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); G' T( @, q! a# u! B% k9 H8 s. j
/* read result of initialization */
' a7 n' D6 [6 @2 T6 |9 b7 Rerrorcode = graphresult();
3 c3 s6 @0 i8 Y' z0 g% ?, O2 c% oif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
6 V( F: i/ Z$ a, F2 |$ f{ , Q& w+ P. n5 e' q8 [& t
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
$ j( D9 ]" [* }+ M( p* vprintf("Press any key to halt:");
- _% v) X' ]: L. Y/ f' \, hgetch();
/ b* W7 @+ X/ b3 f& @, b4 eexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ ; A+ v6 x: a* C! A% [& {
} ) r0 o0 b; g3 n# F
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
4 y2 E: n: q) D# {8 |midy = getmaxy() / 2; d! x0 F+ S# R% ^1 `
/* convert max resolution values into strings */
* z/ @1 n/ f5 M. fsprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx()); ' A0 Y, n o0 l$ N; j1 N5 M$ M
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy()); 
! D" K# N4 g/ \$ L+ S7 _/* display the information */ ) ~; B" f9 a0 ~' S/ L. a" X' K
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
. U' y Z, V" H" F; Vouttextxy(midx, midy, xrange);
6 C: B" x' i$ y8 `/ Xouttextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange); 
9 H; I X( Z4 r$ U V/* clean up */
8 H h( i, I# t9 J, f2 Ggetch();
. R- w% F- p; v& O8 Z0 `# e* P0 Xclosegraph(); 3 m2 f, [9 S8 Y! d
return 0; ( v- H, P6 w" \' m: Y2 S3 O
}
$ s" j4 r/ \( T1 x) q. `+ p. w9 R

5 p, W1 Y! J. B, j" j, S% U( e函数名: getmaxy 2 j1 R9 t7 P' w4 b- }- H
功能: 返回屏幕的最大y坐标 i8 g2 [- W, ~7 i# \' L& L$ ~ ^
用法: int far getmaxy(void); 9 g% [8 n6 F1 E- e
程序例: 
7 d# F/ U% K+ N7 m: L5 `#include <GRAPHICS.H>
" o x1 ~. K6 j4 ]#include <STDLIB.H>
6 r9 M4 k. ^( l# W# l+ v0 u#include <STDIO.H>* J! @8 p3 `. s9 B5 u2 s" B0 H
#include <CONIO.H>4 l& z! U% i3 h, S% @! b/ a" Z7 q) U3 X7 n
int main(void)
5 w6 w8 x* k0 Z6 b7 c' w) s{ 8 g4 t3 q1 E" n
/* request auto detection */
6 h. k1 t8 X$ C6 qint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
* j) \* I2 `5 }+ cint midx, midy;
" [& `7 E* |- ]* N# ^/ Ochar xrange[80], yrange[80]; 3 H8 ?9 Z/ k$ u+ i- q) E
/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 8 S! t H( W# U, }/ a- v4 O
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ) m; d% u m4 `. h5 `
/* read result of initialization */
5 v! z' ], C$ L- Terrorcode = graphresult(); , U+ d9 z: \7 y
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
0 W( C, E2 w5 ~) e{
5 G, F2 H @3 G! iprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); * @ [) N, I# d
printf("Press any key to halt:"); T) h$ J% ?2 D+ K6 l
getch(); : K I1 b( V/ |* ?, Y
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
1 p$ T" c F" H, c, N$ ?} 
+ j4 E/ D0 E6 E- L& C& L, e: H* qmidx = getmaxx() / 2;
( H3 B3 V! c8 Q: j4 O1 ~midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
% P% ~7 s4 o& V i6 e/* convert max resolution values into strings */ 7 \! a8 l7 j6 b$ t
sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx()); - g* @* _- A6 k, O. T9 Y" Q
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy()); : u* {) Z, O: @' k
/* display the information */ $ v5 Q/ i5 P( `
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); ( H* j2 b$ Q2 U' u
outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange); 2 s7 M4 n+ \' d8 R6 O$ N6 \9 f9 p
outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange); 
, z, s4 A! p& B' x8 V/* clean up */
$ u7 r! p$ d# \8 ogetch();
0 n. a$ y/ b+ s* {( Wclosegraph(); ) g3 R8 {+ E* |- O+ `1 e: A- z; O
return 0;
8 T0 I- H7 a5 |( y9 s; @! V: O, {} 4 ~ g; y1 P Y0 ~* }8 v
3 w$ m. ]6 _/ _" m( B# w
函数名: getmodename 
; H2 F. W* \) l* C6 r4 @5 c+ N: x! h功能: 返回含有指定图形模式名的字符串指针
" ~2 c' C8 s8 W. R用法: char *far getmodename(int mode_name); 7 ?, ?$ R" v4 U7 a( ]
程序例: # M4 n, K# L( o0 r K6 D
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
* P7 T, h0 ]( I' f" z; R#include <STDLIB.H>+ n, @8 ~' W1 j J S- f
#include <STDIO.H>& q3 O0 A; k# ~( B8 a& ?/ L
#include <CONIO.H>
6 h# B# R6 v8 O& t) ?# {int main(void)
5 {4 o7 Y- @8 y }{ # M, W! x; Z! Q9 q' {1 m s8 f
/* request autodetection */ , h; |/ Q) O, c0 R& k. u
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; & W' D2 a! D% z/ X4 S7 W5 a. y2 P
int midx, midy, mode;
4 A6 k& Y8 V. m( y- kchar numname[80], modename[80]; 
* I6 }& J6 ~9 O$ F% I6 e/* initialize graphics and local variables */
' b7 l' O; K+ N2 t( Ainitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
6 `9 o) A: W- D- @: x. C/* read result of initialization */
6 K! D- Q! Q) h1 ` C5 \/ H$ Zerrorcode = graphresult();
6 E, }6 u8 l* e+ [& Aif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
8 m% O0 {1 `. n% T6 U& {/ |# l{
# Z8 K( t/ |1 O2 ]$ o* x) T9 U6 Z- kprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 0 J/ D5 S8 K) B1 F9 k! _
printf("Press any key to halt:");
1 I1 t0 T3 b/ E+ Q& @getch(); " }4 ?9 Y+ U* d, t* f" H6 P
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ - q8 ^2 v/ |7 K; g
} 
$ s, c' @7 t- \, A# _) Smidx = getmaxx() / 2;
7 X# d& y% v" S8 W+ bmidy = getmaxy() / 2; 
1 m. Y9 S3 M7 Q0 F' `4 L3 Z9 k/* get mode number and name strings */
% Z& X8 ^, Q& p: F# U4 dmode = getgraphmode(); ; }1 n. u. S* ~4 n' V: m8 U7 \
sprintf(numname, "%d is the current mode number.", mode);
5 ?6 i6 X( ~7 ^9 esprintf(modename, "%s is the current graphics mode.", getmodename(mode)); 
7 f9 l. I! {& u. s+ K3 r3 }/* display the information */
/ u$ n; n2 F2 w: N+ Q: Ksettextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
$ K: A& L: e3 `. X! K5 `; L! Q/ douttextxy(midx, midy, numname); # o9 A% \' q/ k8 s+ `* ~
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), modename); & X- k! R% M+ {4 e0 R8 P2 z
/* clean up */
; n, o1 O( H) |6 `; ~8 f! Y' \getch(); ) @: z8 J% ?# s6 A6 r
closegraph(); 4 k& v9 n( k9 K: `$ t4 [. v! h
return 0;
/ ^3 d( t/ ^& F/ t& z} 
. u# |9 q* Z& g# B
 G$ g- w* ]7 T. L" M y3 t& C2 K5 e! C: Y! l
函数名: getmoderange " |4 Q5 a6 D: Z7 s% D8 e6 R
功能: 取给定图形驱动程序的模式范围
% [- @2 _8 v5 N7 U S4 M: U用法: void far getmoderange(int graphdriver, int far *lomode, - x: m& c6 h* X( q
int far *himode);
4 z9 n1 f8 d2 |) D r/ ^4 b程序例: ! C" W0 K$ {" p. a
#include <GRAPHICS.H>& ~) E. }; g3 z. b0 Y* q. K& N4 _. f9 b
#include <STDLIB.H>; Y6 \9 D& w4 L. [; R
#include <STDIO.H>
) g5 D. Z+ _" G* h- H% i# W! N+ A) m#include <CONIO.H># n) @0 X) b; a# Y
int main(void) $ R1 |% b0 |( Y
{ . S6 `) e& l/ O! |# M
/* request auto detection */ - ]# a( f5 H- F+ T3 P: |
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; , K+ ]/ G4 s* B+ {: c% \
int midx, midy; 8 a- `; D$ D7 Z1 n, y, I# [
int low, high;
* |* I/ j; t- l7 _char mrange[80]; 
6 ~+ x( Y G9 _! _: [) C/* initialize graphics and local variables */
8 ~- i8 c9 w' ~% u( [initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); % |+ r I: s7 g q" S S
/* read result of initialization */ 6 z& C4 H2 C* }) I7 { ^& {& \
errorcode = graphresult();
: G3 ?1 S M# n6 L9 Bif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
7 i) k; L1 _* D, A& K6 J) l6 Z$ j6 T{ 0 U' \. B3 o) e. g3 @$ u, B
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
" S. h2 r/ o& ~& I0 |4 pprintf("Press any key to halt:");
8 f+ V# Q( V& igetch(); 4 J, H# o8 D7 D& w$ J1 a% _
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ # I- h7 f6 N# l
} 
8 y0 v: U' {8 w0 omidx = getmaxx() / 2;
2 W: s3 L1 U/ v9 }% L( Smidy = getmaxy() / 2; 
2 {& h+ H5 I( g/ L/ Y, D' C, h- \7 d- ]/* get the mode range for this driver */ 7 T% {( z' r5 _ p1 [
getmoderange(gdriver, &low, &high); 
- T2 P ~% s& R! |# d/* convert mode range info. into strings */
7 V( _1 f; g3 W; `3 b, K/ \sprintf(mrange, "This driver supports modes %d..%d", low, high); / u8 G7 Z, l0 I- `$ { C! t& P" N8 p
/* display the information */ V% `: K% }: K! r, B
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); - l4 |8 Z3 t+ S+ K. @5 J
outtextxy(midx, midy, mrange); 
# `7 G0 d6 H, C$ ?/* clean up */ / `* h7 c$ F8 K9 p# ~/ m0 \+ h: }
getch(); " P9 L3 M: B; t" p/ Y* Q
closegraph();
% O6 Q6 j4 x2 E( U- y% d" [return 0; * ~5 v8 c& E+ i7 m" d
} 7 e- X5 i, Y4 S' p2 o* A

+ i& @0 O% V1 F$ `4 M( L7 I9 ^5 e! k- Y8 u! \0 H" ^* n. ]
函数名: getpalette 
; u/ z# E- g: c4 ?/ ^功能: 返回有关当前调色板的信息 5 r3 f! {& J1 V% t
用法: void far getpalette(struct palettetype far *palette);
$ _5 N$ E0 b, ?" G5 H; s; {程序例: 
" _2 O: j. }/ A; Q. ~#include <GRAPHICS.H>0 S# v. ^2 F, E' p5 w, m
#include <STDLIB.H>
4 v. Z% t: a y. r4 p5 F#include <STDIO.H>, @5 B- s/ w* K. z$ ]2 e+ O
#include <CONIO.H>
8 B7 D: S1 H6 Y# P8 N& Iint main(void)
* s' A' Y8 ~1 \+ ~8 x{
: J8 d$ F9 K0 D. j- Q3 K9 p2 J1 W/ M& u/* request auto detection */
: R3 x+ S! F; y8 [; n' ?int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
5 a8 ~# V8 [( E+ f* J* p9 Fstruct palettetype pal; / q8 K K9 A" K( _
char psize[80], pval[20];
( `) S3 Z: R+ p" ]: f. r- C! Aint i, ht;
 i* {' u3 s* l T& U* u" xint y = 10; 
- R! h# d5 l/ r/* initialize graphics and local variables */ $ k0 T9 F( ~& i+ ?! O5 g8 N
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
3 V' E! l/ d: L U/ C8 i& S/* read result of initialization */ * {) k6 b1 F4 y. ^
errorcode = graphresult();
* C' x0 p! E$ E0 u2 X/* an error occurred */ / ^$ t3 V* ]9 o! \7 l$ ~, I
if (errorcode != grOk)
# p/ c' d) a: \- s{ , `& x. d# i2 A' g e) o" u0 y
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", ) b8 w3 V d: X3 s
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
& n2 Y( k: {% y, }& ?2 ~printf("Press any key to halt:"); 4 d3 n+ J9 C, f& _) O
getch();
! B- A5 j' S7 {( Q: g b' Y/* terminate with an error code */ , h/ I- E- S2 ?; Q
exit(1); + j r3 X: q) ~6 l1 o8 Y- j8 q9 i4 m
} , Q: ?8 U# y; k' ]% ~- m
/* grab a copy of the palette */ . \" g1 U5 V; A) Q r) h
getpalette(&pal); ]0 E7 e4 y! u. h* |
/* convert palette info. into strings */
# O' _$ e& W- q0 A0 k" a# l4 H9 ksprintf(psize, "The palette has %d \ . w. ?) d- v; [+ [ f- c
modifiable entries.", pal.size); 
( h# s. T6 z" p+ a/ K* I/* display the information */ / _0 K; o3 _% [5 q4 L6 l
outtextxy(0, y, psize); ! @( \- y* _; U6 j+ x) f1 B: \6 ~
if (pal.size != 0)
* ?6 H/ P- h) \3 M{
3 n$ t3 z* X9 mht = textheight("W"); ) Z$ Z# g+ K& E# i& D" X0 u7 P3 j5 T
y += 2*ht; . y. D( p3 n4 b0 |. x, ]5 `
outtextxy(0, y, "Here are the current \
# X* h4 M9 [$ g/ y# z" Svalues:"); + ]7 P( `) `1 m8 \# O
y += 2*ht; # j0 t& _3 H5 P( w) P
for (i=0; i<PAL.SIZE; { 6 D. i* N- d* b
sprintf(pval,
4 d3 e! U- x& q2 b. E"palette[%02d]: 0x%02X", i, " o$ v7 U+ j0 o8 R/ T
pal.colors); 3 ?( b1 d5 a ~
outtextxy(0, y, pval);
0 U0 y& Q. p; T$ [; n8 g1 c} ) g/ K* A6 a+ L) l
} 
1 U% E- H+ U0 E" c" P/* clean up */ " c7 N. K E3 |4 I
getch();
 f- u* \& F: f# ~! `closegraph(); 
8 k' I; h0 \9 c/ \6 M @return 0;
$ }& o& d8 @: a6 Y/ m} 2 k' p. b% \0 r! Y

# b6 s0 ?# k7 S函数名: getpass - l; |# `+ I% i/ Q7 A
功能: 读一个口令 3 k5 C% l5 l K. X7 _( S. l
用法: char *getpass(char *prompt); ' T$ F+ Q( p/ e
程序例: 
/ ]/ M* w& a3 g9 W% j#include <CONIO.H>/ v H6 _4 ?' T2 `* m: a, _* i
int main(void)
8 t9 {3 _7 T: ~$ D+ }* p- f{ 8 J& w7 A2 _) A; L7 h
char *password; 
! p5 x+ j: b0 _! s/ R7 p/ b zpassword = getpass("Input a password:"); - z7 ^% E s- T4 L) Q5 o' \8 f
cprintf("The password is: %s\r\n",
5 n3 e/ w# x+ D5 l) Hpassword);
2 `8 v: B P. }4 Treturn 0; # r% Y/ S4 n9 c, p* B, c8 H
}
- E8 H# q7 M& l k4 }% V; G4 r/ z& r$ s
9 Y$ h6 f& Z4 o$ R% ~( y M2 ?
 D3 p+ B% L0 c9 u! g6 x
函数名: getpixel ' M) s: L' Y% z
功能: 取得指定像素的颜色
* e$ h+ Y1 w+ t& Z, }用法: int far getpixel(int x, int y); ) \/ d3 N3 L8 I# G
程序例: % U% h; [# T# ~' S# b! ?2 L5 d; U
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
* u( _- P+ K7 U- q& s. W#include <STDLIB.H>. F* B! Q# i4 m3 E3 N3 L6 C" d5 h
#include <STDIO.H>0 W3 t4 d/ v' L$ o
#include <CONIO.H># R R1 k/ v$ i9 p# f2 b6 _
#include <DOS.H>
+ Y4 }% K/ F- E# b" g b! b#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000 4 C1 C% {' E& f5 m
#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */ 
4 e$ D% u& |! a Cint main(void) % r6 G3 Q- T( \: `/ K$ ?: ~
{ 2 v' D$ D& _: Y) B1 U
/* request auto detection */
! U Y5 x2 p1 e( Bint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 5 ?( K9 K2 J8 Y6 t
int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy,
5 q6 ^6 J2 G# T4 M! E: Jmaxcolor, seed; 
3 k7 \- M2 Q7 O2 T* l" ^/* initialize graphics and local variables */ . C- U( }$ T6 Y, B% P, Q- q. X/ O2 w
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
$ h, ~7 [+ y% F% `! L/* read result of initialization */ $ H# D+ q N2 A4 }
errorcode = graphresult(); - _) j" h/ e ^$ P# D1 U* ?$ R* v6 L
/* an error occurred */ . J6 F% M6 \' H; |! p# \
if (errorcode != grOk) 7 f/ N0 Q( j$ v1 ^/ A7 C) X8 ]
{ 9 l! A' w6 `( B* m
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", / t$ @& @9 Q2 w5 r$ i" U
grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 3 O* R+ w0 x- J* Y& q
printf("Press any key to halt:"); 0 d2 ^" a" ~/ a2 L8 J6 A2 R. V* g$ d0 @
getch();
2 V' k( \6 ^1 A( d# d# S/* terminate with an error code */ 2 Y5 g* w) g* e7 Z! x( v/ h
exit(1); $ C. u" [5 H' ^& G
} {7 D2 ^4 A8 X! T% d1 [
maxx = getmaxx() + 1;
3 ^- f' |# _. L3 j$ r, g% Amaxy = getmaxy() + 1;
3 x8 U6 H3 e; e$ ]3 Lmaxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1; 2 L6 v! ]1 H, v7 l# L: Q; ?; c! b) W* ?
while (!kbhit())
4 v# ~0 ], }8 m# b{
9 T2 }5 m8 N7 Z/ _/* seed the random number generator */
' Q5 Z7 m* V3 ?5 ?6 mseed = random(32767);
9 D9 l7 _! X! B0 Vsrand(seed);
3 Y& I+ I6 v/ T# B% @* e: y/ ~for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; {
# w6 d% T# \- [) r4 h( ^x = random(maxx);
8 F( c0 G U0 u$ G; d1 [y = random(maxy); 0 [9 D( q; V; L% ?# P4 V8 o" N
color = random(maxcolor);
7 p% J' D, Q0 z' Q! s) @* Q6 K ?putpixel(x, y, color); 7 i/ e M0 t6 w2 I9 S
} % N- V- ?9 n0 I, m K' D: ~, e1 E
delay(DELAY_TIME); 9 M5 @( m0 v: X: D$ [
srand(seed); 4 ^0 U2 U) \% ]/ N3 N
for (i=0; i<PIXEL_COUNT; { 1 S% B7 O: ~" u2 e
x = random(maxx);
& c8 R/ x- i% @# X2 s8 n5 Jy = random(maxy);
* J! Z; \9 f5 z* _# gcolor = random(maxcolor); # o. C. D- |9 J \7 Q; M! D
if (color == getpixel) % A) u$ A3 c4 S3 R+ ]) o/ r
函数名: gets 1 e* Y7 r3 y: D7 Y( q/ V
功能: 从流中取一字符串 $ \+ x3 w$ m- B) e5 X
用法: char *gets(char *string);
5 `' S: X+ b" ~8 T% s程序例: 
) C4 b/ E$ {5 p( T#include <STDIO.H>
: S7 Y) a) K7 ^$ U! O. Lint main(void)
/ r9 t( J$ _" n7 i2 Z{
* ?7 _5 N7 [; z2 ~) l% hchar string[80]; 
4 C. V( F7 V& O' mprintf("Input a string:"); 3 b4 k% k$ o! G& C
gets(string);
( w8 @. E' i. O7 w& fprintf("The string input was: %s\n", 1 e) W6 I+ R; \7 j
string); 3 _" {7 m) ]$ Y2 g* g
return 0; 8 F, s9 ~ N( V: X+ q+ h( i
} ) U) W0 b. L. J( s7 K

- h; B l4 y, C4 T* W& ?
8 o; v$ F# H$ H& G4 W函数名: gettext 
: X' P8 ^0 W, H功能: 将文本方式屏幕上的文本拷贝到存储区
" U9 A: [6 M: |8 L4 X' p1 i用法: int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *destin); # D: m" O: z) o4 z" d, \
程序例: " u5 x. C+ b/ w5 D E4 a; u
#include <CONIO.H>" t4 W8 Q* ?: @% n0 w% A
char buffer[4096]; 
9 `- _. n8 ~* `4 T7 S6 Z! N) eint main(void)
& |9 E7 ]' ?$ F% K( T{
) P; `9 P9 T% D; ]int i;
$ V4 c( O) `1 J: v( L& jclrscr();
' _" [2 B. B. Y o/ n) |7 n, xfor (i = 0; i <= 20; i++) 6 [1 y/ e. J) z; u
cprintf("Line #%d\r\n", i);
 m5 I8 v3 e% V( ?' Hgettext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer);
. W8 w+ R' |6 t7 z1 E2 j$ igotoxy(1, 25); 9 x, e$ F! s0 h) s1 O
cprintf("Press any key to clear screen...");
8 h" b' y8 S/ L8 y( Qgetch();
: [7 N0 ~ o- u% M; {4 z, wclrscr(); 2 \+ a7 X& U' m5 J6 _ L
gotoxy(1, 25);
- l5 g- o( b* r0 U% Z1 I2 Q6 hcprintf("Press any key to restore screen..."); 1 q6 w' z7 P7 Q9 v, O
getch();
5 G. h- J3 U8 I. L3 {puttext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer); 4 R9 M3 T% F+ Y! j0 G
gotoxy(1, 25);
; i Y2 L- p9 ^$ B# Dcprintf("Press any key to quit..."); * v- t* ~9 n9 C5 ^
getch(); % J Y0 a# U) ]8 c. E! l3 K' n
return 0; 1 l8 T3 v4 ]5 i+ Q, ^
} % Y) i3 t6 U" J% R+ F, F1 R

( Q5 I8 B0 S6 [9 ^; Z+ ~$ v: R! R5 ?# C0 u
函数名: gettextinfo + h& v$ l9 `" y. a* n: n
功能: 取得文本模式的显示信息
- B5 m1 `& X ]# Z6 a* q- N用法: void gettextinfo(struct text_info *inforec);
- E) U+ M' G$ b$ p程序例: : ?+ u( h% L- U+ g# |6 e4 A
#include <CONIO.H>
) P3 {* w5 s) v# U+ |4 H, kint main(void) 9 G1 b$ j2 ]. Y( @
{
4 W6 s* z6 A; v/ r: Y( X& p2 lstruct text_info ti; 6 n' w( Q. }3 b, E' O+ s+ Y" u7 U
gettextinfo(&ti);
3 N! K6 i' \4 c. m" Z" M/ U+ }cprintf("window left %2d\r\n",ti.winleft); ; ?3 o5 l: G- G K9 F
cprintf("window top %2d\r\n",ti.wintop);
8 Y' [) u! \* ~% p1 ?4 mcprintf("window right %2d\r\n",ti.winright); * y0 F7 a; O# n1 z9 Q8 B3 [1 o- a2 r
cprintf("window bottom %2d\r\n",ti.winbottom); ; u% p( `4 |$ R e- P
cprintf("attribute %2d\r\n",ti.attribute); . Y7 y' H0 z4 H! X9 L
cprintf("normal attribute %2d\r\n",ti.normattr); 2 A' L! D. f3 P* v2 d
cprintf("current mode %2d\r\n",ti.currmode);
+ E0 x! J- G. I- Z& b6 y: Ycprintf("screen height %2d\r\n",ti.screenheight); # g4 b3 ?! ?9 |2 T9 R7 x
cprintf("screen width %2d\r\n",ti.screenwidth); 9 r( e& R. Y _( X) _9 P6 w
cprintf("current x %2d\r\n",ti.curx);
% U* \" V7 Y4 Ocprintf("current y %2d\r\n",ti.cury);
) |+ {' p0 `. L! b, J3 D; L3 Lreturn 0;
" J) q5 q) Q2 o7 s$ G4 A% N} 3 V& i* H6 s# l4 S

) V; N x* J4 P# p% Z! Z. A4 B u1 Y+ u( T' X1 z) E2 f4 U
函数名: gettextsettings # S. c8 Z! y6 {2 u/ v: t+ F
功能: 返回有关当前图形文本字体的信息
/ ~$ l# ~0 G& [/ G用法: void far gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype far *textinfo);
: B5 b2 J% {0 {' ]# S$ Y% x3 B0 W# w程序例: 0 i9 }2 l1 t& Q) d
#include <GRAPHICS.H>! @5 v4 T8 Y# `5 ]7 a
#include <STDLIB.H>
3 J2 {" d$ } Q1 Y#include <STDIO.H>
1 ^2 b4 a" z9 D+ t#include <CONIO.H>
! Z. F; r/ I X3 W' n) F/* the names of the fonts supported */ % Q' R4 M7 [" F3 V0 R. a
char *font[] = { "DEFAULT_FONT",
+ s0 t1 o1 ~, v"TRIPLEX_FONT",
: M% f3 m: ~ ^+ w7 k" p"SMALL_FONT", 3 u4 [ W' b0 e) x. W9 X
"SANS_SERIF_FONT",
 [5 a. `% ~& z"GOTHIC_FONT"
( x4 Z* x9 T3 {}; 5 w* J# i' G9 R( U, |, }$ `+ d% w4 ]
/* the names of the text directions supported */ 4 O9 L Q) c% Q
char *dir[] = { "HORIZ_DIR", "VERT_DIR" }; & x' t) D: m: i/ C
/* horizontal text justifications supported */ . a" Z5 e( u/ j! F; \% s, G8 ~
char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "RIGHT_TEXT" }; 
2 s$ i4 Z! I1 o/* vertical text justifications supported */
0 w8 s0 m |7 K. T9 B% Fchar *vjust[] = { "BOTTOM_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "TOP_TEXT" }; 
8 c8 p3 K3 L" U+ J! z" K( a7 Dint main(void) 8 o/ ], e4 ^, N4 R" V
{
" K# N6 S( M6 G2 w3 d/* request auto detection */
) ?* Q+ w4 a2 ]8 Lint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; + s+ Z+ H; B+ P% @. u5 X6 x
struct textsettingstype textinfo;
4 L) n/ N: D& b# Z. T& E% d' Bint midx, midy, ht;
4 N1 x1 [! K3 Y1 ~4 x6 @char fontstr[80], dirstr[80], sizestr[80]; 1 q% Y1 P I+ J* N- Z
char hjuststr[80], vjuststr[80]; % S+ D. M. |1 D) H: X) e
/* initialize graphics and local variables */ ; w/ |; s; k' a6 X2 c7 q
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); j5 x2 ?% {1 X2 {
/* read result of initialization */
! w% p/ y6 \7 t! _0 V1 {errorcode = graphresult();
* y# i; X, |4 a7 @2 v4 Xif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
) l% R4 j8 U/ Z. O1 h( l{
: r+ X( z4 o! M: [4 U" X) a* ~printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
% g' ~# [* h% x, dprintf("Press any key to halt:"); . l$ G" s4 c b
getch(); # [7 b0 p6 o) Z2 s
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
& K1 c9 X- y/ q, ?, n} ' W3 o1 L: {+ h1 [' d7 i8 ]* z
midx = getmaxx() / 2; 4 w* d" {# _1 j8 s- U
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
2 H$ f$ b" g% u% W- f: Y8 `/* get information about current text settings */
% H4 \5 j. y% \/ d4 c% egettextsettings(&textinfo); 
% h# m' h9 L- V' g/* convert text information into strings */ 3 S0 n; V! G4 V" @- [
sprintf(fontstr, "%s is the text style.", font[textinfo.font]);
- O$ p% A/ \. e- m6 N, `7 Csprintf(dirstr, "%s is the text direction.", dir[textinfo.direction]); ( e8 F3 u, H8 L0 o) V7 t4 a! ^2 }
sprintf(sizestr, "%d is the text size.", textinfo.charsize);
: |7 I" [& v. C6 Dsprintf(hjuststr, "%s is the horizontal justification.", % d. Y1 T! k8 Z, y+ H
hjust[textinfo.horiz]); [: M( K' E( b' ?1 p% l7 n
sprintf(vjuststr, "%s is the vertical justification.",
! V! b1 [5 F( n d- D, K' lvjust[textinfo.vert]); ! Y9 }) \4 I: \/ v
/* display the information */ 7 }5 Z: F$ e9 F8 f x5 s. |
ht = textheight("W"); ; I4 c- P# k( ~& q2 e. X4 d9 v
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
; q' I2 I0 q+ q& S7 kouttextxy(midx, midy, fontstr); 7 P5 h% f3 U8 t/ R+ t
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, dirstr);
6 l. z% H8 x9 x7 [- x# T3 f' Bouttextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, sizestr); I# ]( E0 @6 m* n7 p
outtextxy(midx, midy+6*ht, hjuststr); * B3 I2 W( h4 \! v8 l, \
outtextxy(midx, midy+8*ht, vjuststr); - i* M6 m+ R/ ]! Y
/* clean up */
/ S3 ^* ?1 Z7 M! V0 }! cgetch();
 ]2 B- V' q* j& q1 e' `# Wclosegraph(); ( y* Y4 M1 Q: X% h. B" Q/ ]; [' s
return 0; 6 S- z9 }- N% ?. Q
} 
, `) k+ P# I9 L& s) t
) y8 T# ?! S* r e& A函数名: gettime 
9 L8 w$ Z7 d5 L功能: 取得系统时间 # O/ H& ?; Y- a- l, y
用法: void gettime(struct time *timep);
1 J6 R; r* C2 I6 w" j9 ^6 g9 ^程序例: % K6 B0 k# _1 o4 k+ {6 \" W) z r
#include <STDIO.H>* `5 j; m+ b' Z8 H$ s$ a
#include <DOS.H>
" y; f. | l. @$ z* O4 G3 Cint main(void) / h0 \0 M! B, X+ c, I# V
{
 U" R$ C- G: X1 R: H4 M# Z" kstruct time t; 
( w0 f4 r- _ q& N; V0 N/ Xgettime(&t); 6 r' h$ x8 c4 T9 X" C
printf("The current time is: %2d:%02d:%02d.%02d\n", * j# n( j# ~9 p' x* m6 S7 Y0 \; f
t.ti_hour, t.ti_min, t.ti_sec, t.ti_hund);
, |8 X( e" N: m q4 H- K) Jreturn 0; : v$ k: Y- c$ @ F* n; x5 Q
}
* G, N3 H5 N. _
! j. j5 ]' _0 x# A. y1 B7 G& L% E: k3 D" i: J$ T5 `
8 J7 n1 { A; U/ ?. @
函数名: getvect : z& x6 ?! J8 ~! t8 A0 t f
功能: 取得中断向量入口 0 y1 N) P. Q8 M7 h+ `& ` A
用法: void interrupt(*getvect(int intr_num));
/ E. t5 Q, M( k3 P Y. V9 c( H程序例: 
* s+ S% I& j+ |2 ]/ o; q' N#include <STDIO.H>
0 w1 e3 Q; q9 Y* N. X#include <DOS.H>* h6 Q. ^: y; ^5 t4 i
void interrupt get_out(); /* interrupt prototype */ " s4 a$ w: w; X4 n8 d
void interrupt (*oldfunc)(); /* interrupt function pointer */ 5 H. y X4 R2 Z# d5 I* |
int looping = 1; 
% A4 F( S0 E& q: x# l% Z6 qint main(void) 7 e) O/ w7 i! p9 n
{
+ ]( u6 ]: c @& }" B" e: u8 bputs("Press <SHIFT><PRT Sc>to terminate"); ! l7 K h. F4 l
/* save the old interrupt */
 g6 k% D4 Z7 {: g2 `oldfunc = getvect(5); 6 e# j# q8 T1 R; R7 o C. i
/* install interrupt handler */ + `4 r% T; `! p- q c
setvect(5,get_out); 
" K/ P; _9 E( I3 p/* do nothing */
: w$ p6 S/ Z, _while (looping); - ]) k! N6 p! P6 `# a9 t8 ?. I. v
/* restore to original interrupt routine */
' g% N- W/ q2 j) U" K. msetvect(5,oldfunc); 
. z' X& g" p4 ?: N1 zputs("Success");
& }8 L. t( n( nreturn 0;
( S; `8 C7 F! z# U ]) u6 o5 Q}
" t+ w1 y/ `5 v3 Vvoid interrupt get_out() 5 \! f @; D1 N" Z
{
, M3 {' S5 }/ l W" t+ j3 Klooping = 0; /* change global variable to get out of loop */ 6 z' ]" O3 i+ ~( A
}
& L! c! M4 u% U( |4 v! r7 B" ]" f1 u0 [9 Z9 b% @

" G/ a5 W8 O$ k函数名: getverify 
! b" e2 @) X1 ~+ U, y功能: 返回DOS校验标志状态 $ _; z& W% I. N2 [
用法: int getverify(void); 8 [' q' H) S5 A! }: ]
程序例: + v* _5 y0 r2 c3 U5 U9 }
#include <STDIO.H>& |, f% @2 o( |- n/ Z( U
#include <DOS.H># j" _$ h. o4 X; t% }( s" a( J
int main(void)
6 p8 {/ j% ?1 l3 ?2 o1 |: f: ~{ ! j; q: ]: ~9 U$ O
if (getverify())
! b6 @3 F# u k* z4 dprintf("DOS verify flag is on\n");
1 p9 j, S3 |( `- V( g6 e$ z# melse
: e: p: z; O( S) I+ N9 M Bprintf("DOS verify flag is off\n");
3 k' A! R. `6 y% U* m& X2 C Greturn 0; 6 F( j0 L7 P' G$ J$ x
}
* A* J, H. S r2 a3 _3 H
' K% H& h- X* l$ V, e6 Y7 C函数名: getviewsetting 
! Y( K& O. E2 D: G. f功能: 返回有关当前视区的信息 5 h- ?4 W: D) W" M+ i) p
用法: void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far *viewport); ; @) ^& W( H& j
程序例: ! H) c' o1 @5 r. q4 q
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
8 i- x; {& k' Y* f3 f#include <STDLIB.H>6 t2 _% d, I8 c- X! `- a" q: k$ p* f4 @
#include <STDIO.H>
% f% }$ }- Y: {% T" }& |+ j0 r, \; C#include <CONIO.H>9 o7 ~! m) p. y
char *clip[] = { "OFF", "ON" }; 
& ^) d+ L$ h8 g8 \8 c) p9 k$ nint main(void) - A# n: Y" h5 k* z7 {8 z0 X. j
{
9 S. s. P; ~& n* n' r9 W' Y9 g/* request auto detection */
7 r0 \2 g- p% \) A `int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
1 j4 ]/ ]8 C# J' u( X6 Ystruct viewporttype viewinfo;
# R( _- F8 ]- N& @) t% w. g9 Cint midx, midy, ht; 1 B7 F, e, B5 ^9 K* T% R
char topstr[80], botstr[80], clipstr[80]; 
% I; X! ^* Z: @; p/* initialize graphics and local variables */
) H% g+ l4 W! A, Ninitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ! g+ Z4 b; O, Z8 R# h
/* read result of initialization */
5 L9 l$ l6 J0 e$ w% yerrorcode = graphresult();
( c3 G5 ~" \* n M* g! iif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 8 K3 h- U' D2 m5 r! s8 M. @
{ ; {7 c# k3 _8 @3 g- l+ `
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
$ {7 ]" H5 K/ P9 ^: B2 U: Uprintf("Press any key to halt:");
: s# u. Y- q' _- D: bgetch(); 5 T$ e1 m( d B* _" N9 v. u
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ # ^) `( G+ q8 C! {% _) e
} 7 x1 Q. h2 j& v
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
5 F, a: {$ i4 J+ r9 M' I5 qmidy = getmaxy() / 2; ; Q' R# C! d( w9 c4 D0 J
/* get information about current viewport */ ! J7 e9 r5 o% {8 Z7 \2 Q4 P# u: N
getviewsettings(&viewinfo); " m$ @2 n, W) k% B. t
/* convert text information into strings */ , S% }6 h3 s L
sprintf(topstr, "(%d, %d) is the upper left viewport corner.", ' g' m$ p: W2 y Y
viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top); 1 G/ h. g, r2 g: G( j* U( L
sprintf(botstr, "(%d, %d) is the lower right viewport corner.",
; K* t* w. h% y+ w! Xviewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom); 9 k1 z* p* e- Z1 E8 Y+ o& z
sprintf(clipstr, "Clipping is turned %s.", clip[viewinfo.clip]); $ T0 c/ K) q0 @8 e
/* display the information */ 3 }7 _, A* { ]5 W
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); 7 K/ V) }! |' ]* Z2 m% J- P# r
ht = textheight("W");
+ v# ~* M2 U* |$ ?outtextxy(midx, midy, topstr);
3 l( X+ @3 j& {outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, botstr); : I, e8 a' a) h; z" M6 }- {5 m3 U9 u
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, clipstr); 
- Q6 ] G, c; a6 r5 K/* clean up */
: k- M. q$ S' a; D3 h$ s$ Hgetch();
2 ], [ B$ K2 y# M5 Y, `7 _closegraph(); 5 k5 p, [1 {0 v
return 0;
) y: [. J, A) U} 0 W: u* v5 l! O' X

. K0 J5 _- r, H) A) y$ v% b
4 e& ^! {8 M; L4 w' [( [函数名: getw * Z2 O2 a/ j" _$ X* Z! o
功能: 从流中取一整数
: V+ `) d& C8 [- w用法: int getw(FILE *strem); 5 @% X" k6 k" ~) u! o
程序例: / I% j( W8 [/ T/ N4 ]1 j" I2 S
#include <STDIO.H>+ C/ r3 F+ |, Z+ M' \
#include <STDLIB.H>
2 W; f4 |# O$ o2 Z5 ]#define FNAME "test.$$$" 
% Q3 G8 g k- Z1 L7 }" _int main(void) 3 A! E: J; s+ ^' t1 B0 }( m
{ % X+ S- H! V) j
FILE *fp; 8 r' H- _4 s# j6 q
int word; 
( J4 E! c1 K9 o) Q1 f( [! j5 g* f0 I/* place the word in a file */
; F o5 ^" w" Yfp = fopen(FNAME, "wb");
6 _1 Y5 w3 k0 a F s" Hif (fp == NULL) : }+ D3 `0 n2 ~1 }' a
{ 5 X% E- v6 {0 k
printf("Error opening file %s\n", FNAME);
8 b/ {& s) e2 ^1 Zexit(1); : W& I4 `) y O* Z5 N0 O! Y5 c' E
} 
# }) U! Y; X" d( N6 T3 Q9 Eword = 94;
" ^/ C4 u0 N) B+ j. p `putw(word,fp);
- K. ~' ]$ R% {/ |7 Qif (ferror(fp))
) a: L; m7 @, N1 I0 wprintf("Error writing to file\n");
, E5 C/ u9 \ u% p: Z* [else
" ?8 v* ~/ f3 ~, N+ N, @# O8 _printf("Successful write\n");
+ F1 N7 K" n$ k. t$ d( Y8 ~$ mfclose(fp); 
 F! y. M" X) x s/* reopen the file */
# `! H4 Q0 j1 q$ u8 C# bfp = fopen(FNAME, "rb"); 9 X5 u6 T y5 v5 G* R+ h& m
if (fp == NULL) 2 B) l w& H: ~5 F0 b
{
: q; H) P8 A% \9 ]& lprintf("Error opening file %s\n", FNAME); ! t! x/ b$ R3 U+ B ~5 d) ^9 M3 x
exit(1);
2 `6 _& z- t. G4 c} 0 j( X1 b7 {% m6 v
/* extract the word */ 7 e. x8 z# M6 X. A' \
word = getw(fp);
0 A9 T. M6 ~: d. ?if (ferror(fp)) 8 M4 } o: R y* R- b9 }& f T+ P" B
printf("Error reading file\n"); . W' M3 Z o5 e/ {
else ' E6 r* y; n c# s9 W$ n
printf("Successful read: word = %d\n", word); % A& y& O, O; Y9 `- Q
/* clean up */ ( r6 ]2 e0 ~* T7 J( N: F
fclose(fp); 2 Q! T: {& D& N; @7 H
unlink(FNAME); 
) y9 C+ C! ]: }: j0 E0 Ireturn 0; 2 N5 m" r, U: M$ n; G
} 
/ ~; u! v1 _! e* p
/ p. C4 A2 G) r8 d) [+ y
- f! g1 {2 S/ Z* r* U, T, `7 X5 `1 s* c) u
函数名: getx + h2 F: A4 z3 f( O
功能: 返回当前图形位置的x坐标 ) }" e* O3 ]8 \( H! O
用法: int far getx(void);
2 D2 a. g: B! L/ ^3 s& y1 u& C程序例: 3 y) E: O: X6 l& l$ J
#include <GRAPHICS.H>+ b1 x( q5 o# {: Z, O f5 }4 e* k
#include <STDLIB.H>
; Y4 U& Q6 k1 r" l. ?#include <STDIO.H>
7 _, b& M/ j, c# n7 b! G4 }: c#include <CONIO.H>+ v% T6 x1 w \* K. ~
int main(void) 7 Y( [ m' I' }5 K: z2 Y* y2 u
{ ; x/ _# R+ D# m3 t: B4 C, @
/* request auto detection */
- y: s/ J X# g9 v* H+ Aint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
+ R# M0 s1 o& {% Y0 [, E/ {4 x' ichar msg[80]; . ~ i( ~& B0 J3 G% R4 r+ t
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
 }7 E: e- M% _/ H, q/ @% Rinitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 7 t+ Q% `4 d5 w
/* read result of initialization */ 0 O, x4 r! {, R
errorcode = graphresult();
2 l' A. B2 H+ C4 j5 g2 {4 v' hif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ . t& e; R P0 {* u& T5 `# j
{
0 o5 Z I, j& f, G) T: Dprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
" b( c3 [: \& O% U/ {printf("Press any key to halt:"); , b+ f% \/ i3 d3 {5 S9 _) G" A+ b
getch();
7 H+ R+ [3 ~8 \exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
1 C9 w! W7 ?8 l7 o) A} 8 m' p1 a" G+ d8 m M, l# I
/* move to the screen center point */
5 J5 C+ T$ h" }& k2 J9 x. q Smoveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2); 
! t% i# L9 I/ K G/* create a message string */ : S* s9 o* f$ \# _% X' J: Z
sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety()); 
: m- `0 U# K- t( P8 N6 I- H/* display the message */ 4 m$ U3 o( d/ u; u3 ^3 k
outtext(msg); 1 d o( `# h" I; m9 P9 U/ e. u; n
/* clean up */
: G$ m5 M/ N I( ^$ c* K. X$ mgetch();
! B% p, q5 A% U w, o: eclosegraph();
9 Q- f8 h9 v$ \# nreturn 0; 4 p' t d! W* I" Z! ?. \* n
} * S5 G/ X! ` ]1 P5 V' E' z0 m) q5 ~0 _- y
% m2 G' ^- e0 `) n. s) v# j

/ X4 g- X! f1 e8 \函数名: gety - V: q4 X3 }' e E* c- S L
功能: 返回当前图形位置的y坐标
$ L5 f, Z' T) x3 I! l, j用法: int far gety(void);
8 c$ z& `: D" l( e9 I程序例: 8 K& R5 N2 P, w6 g$ @$ s7 P/ ]* c
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
1 U; S& e* s) G& \, M#include <STDLIB.H>2 T" v D; y# X- J" Q+ q' F: I
#include <STDIO.H>
- w8 ~5 A; c" w$ }& T& z& `#include <CONIO.H>
' D0 H/ ^0 U# U7 B$ i2 f& dint main(void) {! u3 V8 _( [% P( Y
{
/ X1 p: q9 \4 {/* request auto detection */ 4 l) [1 m. l9 g+ b) H* u
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
6 u! E4 I4 K/ M4 jchar msg[80]; ) @: u( W9 Y: L# ^$ M1 @
/* initialize graphics and local variables */ " X% e$ ^3 ?& ~) ]! v: a6 K
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ( B0 q/ v/ ]" N; Y& o
/* read result of initialization */
! e5 }- ^5 Q) S9 y! U% Werrorcode = graphresult(); 9 o( c& U( t/ w( ~
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 1 `! X) R: _" C4 F9 ^/ \* G# W0 `
{ J$ ]" {7 t1 S* b u& E( P
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
" v7 n* Z4 F7 n8 gprintf("Press any key to halt:");
1 C" s- h+ l W# p: y. K" ogetch(); ' C. w2 F8 B* g
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ `4 v: a. r9 v8 |' z' g/ ]; T% l# e0 N
} 
$ l2 V$ F& i9 o6 S" x" N3 \/* move to the screen center point */
% F- f$ x7 |: F8 B' q- hmoveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2); 
+ h$ |$ {! d' X: ^1 l* ~/* create a message string */
$ ?- l3 G: g/ ~% wsprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety()); 
0 E# r2 C4 ~( B/* display the message */ # j) y; x+ {& c# o& ?( x" w5 r
outtext(msg); 
1 L2 S! F/ ^; j! n7 f; X' x/* clean up */
, H6 Z+ G; N1 Y4 @getch(); / Z3 ^- V) h5 l& }. p) @" h
closegraph();
; [4 t8 p, h* V# P4 Lreturn 0;
* c. D) ]2 \8 ~9 q+ j U t$ F} - n- T8 ^& O# P/ {% w- j- e4 @

: i$ ]; e. O8 `- z& T
9 @4 I$ j( @" s函数名: gmtime 
$ i6 O4 u& R% o# O, }功能: 把日期和时间转换为格林尼治标准时间(GMT)
1 U7 G! k3 V9 q/ @4 {/ `4 m用法: struct tm *gmtime(long *clock);
, O' s+ \! B$ F8 Y+ I程序例: : l+ {% d0 o' ~; @6 ^
#include <STDIO.H>
. P- P, l0 b( D3 X6 }4 r#include <STDLIB.H>, |! R7 W4 H: z6 B5 J$ D7 e& u
#include <TIME.H>
/ ^: W6 B. ?' L9 q; @7 I#include <DOS.H>
9 x5 d: w s( u8 A& A/* Pacific Standard Time & Daylight Savings */
' g4 B& W/ ^. Bchar *tzstr = "TZ=PST8PDT"; 
3 I" g0 u/ H' d# J- H! U7 E; Hint main(void) V, [9 }7 _5 b. O, j s3 t
{
1 ?9 \" p: ~, A: B4 h6 Htime_t t; * G7 _3 [+ P1 t2 E4 y4 M* h: q
struct tm *gmt, *area; 
8 Q- N' g) y t; ^putenv(tzstr); ( B- T, H1 d' C' J) p0 Y1 u6 t
tzset(); 
" j2 @+ t5 e* ?' D+ Ht = time(NULL);
9 n6 h/ h. c& n. a) ~9 {area = localtime(&t);
" C1 b O# m, y+ m. W1 ^printf("Local time is: %s", asctime(area)); 2 Q; Q: f' p* k
gmt = gmtime(&t); - U# q t) o2 d
printf("GMT is: %s", asctime(gmt)); 4 r T+ r8 q" [9 H: g3 v
return 0;
) Q1 b& {" S2 b} 
* Q* L: e0 Z1 J4 H2 I. J: p) B- e% M: ~2 x" o9 V2 W; U

, H8 N- Z% Y3 |& j函数名: gotoxy 
3 Y5 L( s2 x9 Y功能: 在文本窗口中设置光标
; _/ Z% Q- d2 h8 h/ P7 R" G( P& I用法: void gotoxy(int x, int y); 2 g0 J: R4 `# z, t2 [$ n6 Y/ D H2 U2 V
程序例: . r% \: s% y& ?/ k2 O
#include <CONIO.H>
" R6 C! n2 S, T; R) uint main(void) 0 ~/ @0 |0 |; R, O' m. V
{
7 o3 L3 D. r* c9 ]8 b% S" |clrscr();
) B' G4 j: z" C8 X* F" ]gotoxy(35, 12);
* h d, Q0 H7 O' p/ Q, ucprintf("Hello world"); 6 Z# b( W% X7 L( x$ l7 q
getch(); " Y0 |; g& h# G. G
return 0;
6 m1 }2 E( T# |5 |1 D} 6 d/ Q6 g8 v7 M+ a* k$ d

( p. a, j' H. ^! h
$ a1 K' X& h( D$ y$ {1 D. z6 Y! N函数名: gotoxy 0 m7 R- H$ F: s) ^- E. l
功能: 在文本窗口中设置光标 8 ^0 P. P" A# }2 d2 ], N% M
用法: void gotoxy(int x, int y); 4 q8 d1 w2 h& h' r1 R: V/ X
程序例: 1 B8 F5 T1 A" T8 M$ f5 Y2 ]0 P7 \0 t
#include <CONIO.H>* m& `+ `- W. G6 L- g3 P5 e
int main(void)
9 r) X; A R: K! q9 }5 T2 R8 t& ~% @{
* K. {, s% D7 Qclrscr(); + U4 j1 W$ I1 g* }5 w0 x
gotoxy(35, 12); ( g& l9 u1 u3 E: K- \3 g! {' _
cprintf("Hello world"); 7 Q% h K% U _$ n* N; T
getch();
, G% F( j5 [8 q0 P- K' ~# `# sreturn 0;
6 v# ^. T" X4 y! }+ c2 C}
; `4 g N% W7 e$ X* F+ G* f( m( D! B) B Z- \' \9 c X
: |- o3 A0 i* B; \& W( J' A6 G: I
函数名: graphdefaults 
8 m1 |) \# D0 I b/ [! d5 o; q. `' ]功能: 将所有图形设置复位为它们的缺省值 - Z( O# W6 f9 @3 k/ z8 m+ f
用法: void far graphdefaults(void);
6 a- W7 h/ `! r- Y1 `+ |2 t L程序例: 
8 |' v& l. P2 C5 {- q# b# o. l#include <GRAPHICS.H>* b/ P: m/ l. Q4 }% r" `$ L
#include <STDLIB.H>
% z0 P( d O6 {# P( ]; e6 K#include <STDIO.H>
% }$ r: |" @. A0 q( O1 z* j4 @: u#include <CONIO.H>
- {2 [3 H9 ]* \8 l7 @int main(void) + K1 W) U5 z' w# J9 a) g- g D
{
/ P; ]0 J; k: T/ p5 L/* request auto detection */ " G3 Y9 B! @3 P
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
( Q: U$ B6 [- h1 U5 L& D1 b# F' nint maxx, maxy; 2 [( a0 k0 S* Y3 a! ]# N% _
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
0 U0 v& J7 T6 i6 f9 e( C' Qinitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c:\\bor\\Borland\\bgi"); 2 V+ t& O* [9 j% h9 }
/* read result of initialization */
& z3 Y& P, O- K) h0 R# s8 F* R- Y4 Serrorcode = graphresult(); 4 i- }6 U1 b5 m; S0 x! @' z
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 4 P8 d. G/ i" V' ^9 y$ M Q. h
{
" g' ^3 C" O! |4 P, x" p$ _printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 1 N, \2 m+ C- [* Z0 h# q
printf("Press any key to halt:"); 3 l3 N2 s, {' j/ g7 e* {0 T
getch();
! l3 ?2 _0 [! R& K$ H" c+ }$ Y; Dexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
8 x$ E9 I0 x' Y( L} ) Y+ e% w; e* }1 C. @% O. }8 C
maxx = getmaxx();
3 s. d! c7 ?, p9 zmaxy = getmaxy(); " U( B( B9 L2 L4 } D3 B9 w
/* output line with non-default settings */
0 n9 X3 K6 H4 {$ \' Zsetlinestyle(DOTTED_LINE, 0, 3);
# G" g* Y! x. jline(0, 0, maxx, maxy); $ Q: E$ \* I9 a8 h+ b4 W# S
outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "Before default values are restored.");
2 x$ ?/ v, }$ {, L/ \( |getch(); 
& g- {2 @, g! ]' @/* restore default values for everything */
4 c" {1 j4 V& E$ Q5 F8 b' Rgraphdefaults(); 
3 h4 |" Y' @1 t7 Z$ H; B/* clear the screen */
2 _: V# x! V' F; H* Kcleardevice(); 7 O9 c1 `; B; m3 L% U1 e1 N; y
/* output line with default settings */ 6 z. L6 [4 q1 |4 b
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
' r6 _6 X" U+ n; q( oouttextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "After restoring default values."); 
, f! O% ~$ ~7 A( I4 k2 f* Z/* clean up */
- L& ~6 G! G2 \( n* q8 Y. ?5 xgetch();
% q4 C' @5 l! x& V, J5 N& ^6 iclosegraph();
5 |- q' o q- ]return 0; % E/ y8 Z0 c8 S
}
/ c% c2 V g% ]; X! j2 z' m8 M* I; F3 D2 S5 r' @7 t- N/ E
9 p* Y& A) [/ |3 e5 Y: u
函数名: grapherrormsg , d/ v/ p% Y' @* ]* `8 L
功能: 返回一个错误信息串的指针
+ c7 S4 z) u' O9 d& F- N, k用法: char *far grapherrormsg(int errorcode);
4 |( Q9 p+ i6 s- K- Y* U3 o程序例: 
$ g6 l. N& G( A* V#include <GRAPHICS.H>
4 i+ P3 v& u# k7 ~! w0 F#include <STDLIB.H>) n" L6 W$ f8 s, D" X3 @
#include <STDIO.H>
 T" } H5 w4 \5 ~9 n- z7 g#include <CONIO.H>
$ v# T* n/ l% w8 ~+ l8 {#define NONSENSE -50 
9 {, j0 j& o& s! i+ V8 j: B# e' d3 ^int main(void)
( \8 \0 }6 ]' W{
$ l" P* u9 F8 R4 N5 j3 { K2 ~% B/* FORCE AN ERROR TO OCCUR */
8 S: ]; u2 t3 y# pint gdriver = NONSENSE, gmode, errorcode; 1 q) ]1 Q2 P- U* `
/* initialize graphics mode */
3 `- z, K) d9 X- [initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); # Y& ]2 k0 L+ _& H# I8 t( T5 j, f
/* read result of initialization */ ' Z, u1 \+ b: I2 w, b4 W9 R
errorcode = graphresult(); 
5 s" ]: n0 _2 D. I% s& U" i" z l/* if an error occurred, then output a */
6 I. K7 T& C- K* r! G2 [, k% n- I/* descriptive error message. */
: C% Q' U; I" I2 J; W0 s* i: I+ V( Kif (errorcode != grOk)
" d$ _; u- Z( v+ _{ / E, E. `6 |9 W: H
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); a; s! f6 C* d6 M8 Q) K
printf("Press any key to halt:");
6 n9 E6 w; d7 z. ^5 t1 Ygetch(); 2 p4 N+ d! g8 U. x2 ~! N* I4 \* w" f
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ ; {1 T3 ^& H3 l
} 
) J! k5 R0 g- t& s/* draw a line */
1 Y: F/ @# ^" s! ?' Y+ }8 @ Wline(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy()); " I* N; _6 N( b r2 _. t- o
/* clean up */ , {+ p2 s& L1 n; ]7 t
getch();
8 w' O. S8 P& R& yclosegraph(); O8 w; V8 Z/ \/ C7 @& j2 x0 S
return 0; 4 ]" c6 z6 A; a( b. W
} ) l% Q. v4 m- a+ _' J: A

; D( Q1 E8 a( d$ p9 j3 {- g8 g
$ E8 e3 l' Y* d. X7 ], M! M: C( y函数名: graphresult 0 D+ {+ S; f. W
功能: 返回最后一次不成功的图形操作的错误代码 3 w4 `1 u7 a) y. s; M5 L
用法: int far graphresult(void); # M2 l6 Z( Q6 B" D9 h" M$ w
程序例: # x! T% H2 `. V
#include <GRAPHICS.H>/ B5 j0 [" I7 x+ {
#include <STDLIB.H>, G% z& H- ]- d% b/ P A( v4 n
#include <STDIO.H>
0 y n- i, Q6 p1 K V* I#include <CONIO.H> ]5 j; X8 N* b. G. c; r
int main(void) / Z8 z7 n0 m+ V, i1 V! H6 [
{
! U `. d& x2 W& V; Z6 r4 F1 u/* request auto detection */
/ n5 _7 ~- C, O' Kint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 
% A4 o$ k" H/ R9 ~, m( o7 q/* initialize graphics and local variables */ - t# u* j( s9 h4 O; t' z1 T; S
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
8 A- o. A5 T8 M0 R% E( H/* read result of initialization */ 9 W6 N4 q* o) h, P
errorcode = graphresult(); 1 ^: G6 l% _+ g9 R3 j+ Q* H
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 3 e6 m# B4 d5 `8 b' I' W v
{ ) _% _8 a t6 I) G- W
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); ) Z6 m5 r$ j( ~8 ?
printf("Press any key to halt:");
7 y1 e' m9 c5 K/ [! Q, U" jgetch();
7 U/ T2 }8 U2 Y- iexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
: y* e2 n) y; w3 O} 8 K1 s. T- f7 e* c6 ]
/* draw a line */
9 B2 {; L/ t& k+ Mline(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy()); 
/* clean up */ ) R) Q+ ~6 }8 j. Y6 U3 F
getch();
4 S5 X7 c# X% ~! ~closegraph(); : f+ N& t; P% w) x
return 0; . a) U5 f! Y" Z9 L0 l
} 5 {2 u- c8 M/ s1 s! q
% P' \6 X4 D) n
函数名: _graphfreemem + P1 n: Y9 e5 {. X: ?
功能: 用户可修改的图形存储区释放函数
 `6 B/ F, F6 Y6 T7 L9 h用法: void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size); , Q( E; N! H" j- X% R1 A. W C+ J3 V
程序例: 2 f3 N' R7 q) o* z
#include <GRAPHICS.H>3 ^8 Q5 o% e6 W0 F) F+ W
#include <STDLIB.H>- W$ k. u9 [1 j6 w# K' F
#include <STDIO.H>
* [$ I( x$ P# Y" K# }4 V#include <CONIO.H>+ e/ d. _9 \" o8 V; E
#include <ALLOC.H>; L) Z8 ?5 `1 O
int main(void) 1 X$ y. @. X/ X q( A; ~& N
{
* u3 O# Q& M: s. s) j/ n7 p/* request auto detection */
) u9 z T# B% Z2 n- t2 U2 p3 w! uint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
) {# ~4 w1 p6 L8 ` Wint midx, midy; # f! v m) p9 |
/* clear the text screen */
+ }% k, i, j4 gclrscr();
) l0 e! a1 }( _* t0 L2 Z8 G9 eprintf("Press any key to initialize graphics mode:");
/ z1 S% P6 S- a6 P p9 I+ Rgetch();
! j% r8 g! c' V6 fclrscr(); G4 ` R: C( J7 p0 f) X* E
/* initialize graphics and local variables */ ) Z' d! |# E& O1 b- \) l- d; {! H0 R/ Z
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); # _! ^. C' S/ U
/* read result of initialization */
% l0 \* X% \' qerrorcode = graphresult();
8 L; u% G" }4 i' V7 b4 U( h, a5 Wif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
, R. Z! s( [ |9 ?{ ' i9 u; E; v0 b" r: [
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
7 ^+ o2 H: T! bprintf("Press any key to halt:");
+ n0 i# l0 s% E. Ygetch();
' x, Z0 ]1 _/ gexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ $ g+ A9 w7 l& S0 @( w6 A
} + ]4 d( z5 [/ ?8 a
midx = getmaxx() / 2; % |) `& ~! G+ f
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
. D" W2 z, D1 C% h8 v+ S0 E* o. R/* display a message */ 5 |! j( U& _ j8 x
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); v- a1 Z3 u, b" W, r& D7 }$ a
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to exit graphics mode:"); 
9 n- K; W; d& Y/* clean up */
2 a' |8 `, M, _7 W6 N1 t) egetch(); 9 I; A; g9 h4 Z( D- x# ^
closegraph();
+ \; v% O2 e! u/ q$ Z7 Ureturn 0; / [( G8 Y8 i- n) {2 d% U' v" t
} 
/ @* `! z: B9 W) h/* called by the graphics kernel to allocate memory */ % [4 C+ b, P2 ]' \' V. `
void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size) 3 i: {9 V2 e3 q. V. Q
{ ' t) b+ r R- K7 o8 R
printf("_graphgetmem called to allocate %d bytes.\n", size);
4 J6 J1 `. P/ Z) V- @% wprintf("hit any key:"); " ]$ \+ v: J4 e( x0 z/ i0 n% K
getch();
; A' P0 R% W& d) qprintf("\n"); 
8 u& J7 ^$ M9 y, U% p5 R( i, i& W/* allocate memory from far heap */ : f$ _& t2 G' [
return farmalloc(size);
) J+ _5 V4 \: s} a* X# t5 P( r) n1 y7 c
/* called by the graphics kernel to free memory */ 6 D9 m Z7 }1 i/ n! u' O% B, N
void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size) 7 n6 `9 W$ ?( }. k; ^0 ]; O, M
{ . J8 z0 D$ F3 A" O) d2 u# g/ ^
printf("_graphfreemem called to free %d bytes.\n", size); 2 S9 X+ X s5 L% r' X3 c# Y
printf("hit any key:"); $ [" Z2 b* Z, R1 a, j
getch();
/ E, x- Z I+ v7 X# m' Dprintf("\n"); 
8 H! `: i! _) W' f G' L+ @/* free ptr from far heap */ 8 i! r8 ~' B- h( {/ h
farfree(ptr);
0 a. N, m) l$ d2 l}
9 s+ @ G% c1 {; _+ m* M) ?$ Q/ P3 |) \, w6 _2 d8 X
函数名: _graphgetmem 0 w* B$ B2 B" g9 R; O m3 I
功能: 用户可修改的图形存储区分配函数
0 [' I; }7 y' t' J: T& N# Z6 N用法: void far *far _graphgetmem(unsigned size);
; @+ k; d2 {; Y, o( i: `+ u程序例: 
" n* ^9 @1 m* z S#include <GRAPHICS.H>4 B4 l6 A/ E9 L2 J
#include <STDLIB.H>; g5 b: y" {$ Q" u
#include <STDIO.H>- D8 g. C9 z; d+ E
#include <CONIO.H>4 i. t; ?' J3 P2 j
#include <ALLOC.H>& R% v8 u* }( G1 l3 B S7 k
int main(void) 1 R5 j. z, e7 t* [
{ 6 k9 [* v) O" [/ c3 K
/* request autodetection */
* W, I: O6 V0 U% }+ @9 S. yint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
7 }9 ~0 H( Z3 e; a4 I+ Y3 xint midx, midy; 
9 d) S/ X* s7 d4 m/* clear the text screen */ 6 c, z0 P2 K4 M: r3 E- d
clrscr();
7 {( f. P3 B# v6 O) t7 w6 e$ Oprintf("Press any key to initialize graphics mode:");
' u& t+ L* W! s) I& d9 Egetch();
# _: O* @- l) c9 A1 jclrscr(); 
0 ?# x" I8 b% |! c# }; a$ M$ r/* initialize graphics and local variables */
# k7 k: k2 B! e! O8 w0 _: R# Sinitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); $ i% O8 z, o3 \
/* read result of initialization */
- K: a/ d m3 p( ?' F' _errorcode = graphresult(); ; D9 a5 q, D5 V) P7 a! H
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
' z4 k5 ^4 X. @+ p3 ]6 r6 u{ / u3 G8 z+ Q# ~' D3 E. J7 {7 w
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); + @# A, H& M8 [' f% s
printf("Press any key to halt:"); ) \: g2 D( v* I$ G
getch(); 0 L- q% v% B3 ?
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 7 q' d$ |- H/ I+ ~$ x0 k
} 
' U; X1 {+ m! T1 d, o# @* _5 Gmidx = getmaxx() / 2; . x! U" a/ M+ G3 ~. v- ?
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
, n: n5 C m* t7 X; j7 |; W/* display a message */ 2 \3 ~* U) C. F6 i
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); : N, v* F* M6 Z K; }3 ~9 Q
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to exit graphics mode:"); ) {# J( Q' M4 Z- \, c6 w- W" k5 G
/* clean up */
5 p6 w& f3 [/ _! m. e& Dgetch();
, p: ]& V/ n8 l( Iclosegraph(); ; Q9 [4 H4 Q$ }3 `& W, R, y* F
return 0; % v! j: \( F: A$ z) u- g+ e
} 
+ w* h: K8 I4 L9 d% s1 m, ~/* called by the graphics kernel to allocate memory */ n! X. B2 `) H* w) [
void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size)
3 g8 j N' D# e( q2 F: K{
. |& s% W: R# k& q( U0 Bprintf("_graphgetmem called to allocate %d bytes.\n", size);
9 O4 n, \% o& jprintf("hit any key:"); * b0 x @) m0 l N- e& p8 t
getch(); 1 h# j- _, o# O0 F2 z6 Z& O0 T& B
printf("\n"); 
/* allocate memory from far heap */
7 _2 M7 S% Y& ^6 ]4 M# {, mreturn farmalloc(size);
1 K3 r! y6 ?/ Z' H} 
9 k7 a; ?) u! \. g# \' U! v, _/* called by the graphics kernel to free memory */
( X* n+ \; D9 Xvoid far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size)
, C, D8 n( T8 q9 f1 s' I{
5 _7 e( M# |" ~& e; dprintf("_graphfreemem called to free %d bytes.\n", size); & ]3 ^0 z4 j, x
printf("hit any key:");
% W' P" r! u: O3 ~getch();
* u3 N4 W; ~2 j d. _printf("\n"); ' U+ q4 v: H1 L1 }7 b* y
/* free ptr from far heap */
, G- l, ~: w1 J Kfarfree(ptr); ; y- o% S* E1 S' s! E, o2 I8 K
}
# }/ B) B1 x/ q- c, g' }

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