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函数大全(m开头)

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发表于 2004-10-4 02:57 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

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align=center>函数大全(m开头)
<

align=left>main()主函数
每一C 程序都 必须 有一main()函数, 可以根据自己的爱好把它放在程序的某
个地方。有些程序员把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序员把它放在最后面, 无论放
在哪个地方, 以下几点说明都是适合的。
1. main() 参数 
在Turbo C2.0启动过程中, 传递main()函数三个参数: argc, argv和env。
* argc: 整数, 为传给main()的命令行参数个数。
* argv: 字符串数组。
在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 为程序运行的全路径名; 对DOS 3.0
以下的版本, argv[0]为空串("") 。
argv[1] 为在DOS命令行中执行程序名后的第一个字符串;
argv[2] 为执行程序名后的第二个字符串;
...
argv[argc]为NULL。
*env: 安符串数组。env[] 的每一个元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符
串。其中ENVVAR为环境变量如PATH或87。value 为ENVVAR的对应值如C:\DOS, C:
\TURBOC(对于PATH) 或YES(对于87)。
Turbo C2.0启动时总是把这三个参数传递给main()函数, 可以在用户程序中
说明(或不说明)它们, 如果说明了部分(或全部)参数, 它们就成为main()子程序
的局部变量。
请注意: 一旦想说明这些参数, 则必须按argc, argv, env 的顺序, 如以下
的例子:
main()
main(int argc)
main(int argc, char *argv[])
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[]) 
其中第二种情况是合法的, 但不常见, 因为在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不
用argv[]的情况。
以下提供一样例程序EXAMPLE.EXE, 演示如何在main()函数中使用三个参数:
/*program name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
{
int i;
printf("These are the %d command- line arguments passed to
main:\n\n", argc);
for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
printf("argv[%d]:%s\n", i, argv);
( M8 w1 r+ w: P, c9 wprintf("\nThe environment string(s)on this system are:\n\n");
# x! l) Q! o3 W8 Q, H" \for(i=0; env!=NULL; i++)
2 W; f7 d- ]" ?2 d3 U, I( c; Q7 S9 Fprintf(" env[%d]:%s\n", i, env); 2 A, S1 @, b. `- H, X! z) G3 D
} ! |( Y( ^8 i8 a& `7 ?
如果在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式运行EXAMPLE.EXE:
1 y2 p5 T3 [$ ?" T( @C:\example first_argument "argument with blanks" 3 4 "last but 9 M5 A5 j5 U, S* P
one" stop! 5 a2 V3 M1 V1 p9 r+ `8 h/ X( u- O# d
注意: 可以用双引号括起内含空格的参数, 如本例中的: " argument
( a# z9 R5 }" h. n8 x) \# _9 x% c+ ]with blanks"和"Last but one")。 # Y. i, i* C M
结果是这样的:
! D( ] }5 h( w: E8 w" c9 PThe value of argc is 7
6 D7 P) q- ]. { xThese are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main: * t! Z3 I& f) `9 \/ o/ [
argv[0]:C:\TURBO\EXAMPLE.EXE
2 m/ V/ ^% M( d( A3 \! S. Aargv[1]:first_argument
2 m6 Z7 ]. Z; A4 oargv[2]:argument with blanks 1 |2 p& W9 F, |* C* t% ^
argv[3]:3
& [( N5 T% o- x* cargv[4]:4 5 l( [1 n; J( g8 h1 E
argv[5]:last but one
: C5 a- ^- |1 D3 e: C$ u* }argv[6]:stop! ' D P% r( A5 c$ ?4 v4 r
argv[7]NULL)
0 D! @2 x9 U. b/ J. w9 W8 V% \The environment string(s) on this system are:
 `4 H4 n, v+ `env[0]: COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM - m) b: o4 F" z/ T! Y) d' R
env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G /*视具体设置而定*/ 8 \( h6 K: G. y) e
env[2]: PATH=C:\DOS;C:\TC /*视具体设置而定*/ A+ M' S' z! m) s% N! ]: g
9 v) P& ]4 p; \4 e) i
应该提醒的是: 传送main() 函数的命令行参数的最大长度为128 个字符 (包
8 ` {0 C* d4 x9 c; `. p4 x; F括参数间的空格), 这是由DOS 限制的。 4 ]! |- f- [" H0 ]
& H( ]8 a# o+ @9 b& b
<>函数名: matherr 
0 P# t; y# [( M& g. }功能: 用户可修改的数学错误处理程序 # S i, ]. F0 p: Q0 P7 `4 q0 o1 l! |
用法: int matherr(struct exception *e);
& N) N7 ~/ z$ J# _# b j程序例: 
1 h+ h& A" Y& b<>/* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
' `, k7 a, o, `# {9 `& {, L, Gany error messages from being printed. */ 
5 t/ p e4 Z( x5 D4 \2 B<>#include<MATH.H> ; \6 S" b$ H: b; ?, d- U
<>int matherr(struct exception *a)
, t) S) x9 r% y{ / |$ \& f% U! F& K8 e
return 1; 5 [$ v8 B& K! l3 }. i2 n2 d2 E
}
5 B `! C& [, _6 v# H' W* z' m1 Z; d
: b- I+ e- K* k" f

5 p: A, n" d/ g<>函数名: memccpy 
% [$ |$ y9 |; y& J& b% Y8 y o8 x功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中 $ [0 _/ D' @9 ]# t w6 h
用法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch, ' i( m: }1 D) j* f
unsigned n); 7 c: @+ m3 \/ D4 P
程序例: 2 p0 ^5 S7 y' ^3 C# @/ j
<>#include <STRING.H>7 K) h/ j( K' C8 h! `
#include <STDIO.H>
1 }* `& d$ K- o5 T8 B* L* n" a<>int main(void)
5 l- z! P$ m g; B. R* X8 \{ : E& Z8 H2 g$ a- v, f# S: H7 E& \: W
char *src = "This is the source string"; . b: W4 q/ Z$ P" s7 ^9 D0 E5 {
char dest[50]; # h+ u7 l; g7 u* X
char *ptr; 
5 X* U, q9 r, e+ S# l" D; e<>ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src)); . `2 D. Y/ C. }4 k
<>if (ptr) & x+ i v/ w0 |0 {! x& `4 m
{ : K% _. E" Q. H% c1 I% ^# B
*ptr = '\0';
2 F( R3 v6 m: }7 T/ mprintf("The character was found: %s\n", dest); * w. I% E3 m0 o+ E* e! G
}
" L1 O7 I0 a. P- gelse
3 a, s4 X. }5 eprintf("The character wasn't found\n"); g# z% o |4 D/ R* x- O1 T4 q
return 0;
2 d- j) b; u/ q8 J* p+ y& ]}
$ |& L8 C1 u- y% o- X# o* q% v. y4 B
/ a: l7 T3 @. [+ H R
<>函数名: malloc
1 [& X0 }4 t$ J& y3 z/ N5 d; L功能: 内存分配函数
/ H( C9 p0 }2 }- r# f' E用法: void *malloc(unsigned size); % \) f$ ~! n' a2 ~) @8 F2 L' `5 T
程序例: 
& c! M" n6 c+ Q9 V<>#include <STDIO.H>
/ w3 h& k4 U- H, Y#include <STRING.H>% y2 u0 ^% G& S( B* v! @% h
#include <ALLOC.H>
/ n) v9 ^' V r1 o#include <ROCESS.H>
- W+ X# B2 T# a$ X, |<>int main(void)
# p8 f2 n0 T+ D+ G{ - L9 q {: O3 e X7 q9 Z
char *str; : u ^/ D! K6 E5 q. {. n
<>/* allocate memory for string */
: F/ d- A9 ^4 x( c. b1 L' H4 [/* This will generate an error when compiling */ 6 n8 n& Z5 A9 p4 w3 }
/* with C++, use the new operator instead. */ ) s! }( o& M' A0 p+ {7 R
if ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL) * k& B: { R* r7 ^+ z
{
- f9 y3 I' {; Q5 e8 P: @; Eprintf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer\n"); ( i6 d+ d; y* D& V6 w
exit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */
3 C# V; j; `/ ]+ u} + F, w/ v) w$ j+ w
<>/* copy "Hello" into string */ ! x6 `2 _% u: r# ]3 _
strcpy(str, "Hello"); 
% e1 ]" U- b/ r" P8 |<>/* display string */
- f! g1 t. x2 H7 r* |7 F/ O0 k5 I6 Qprintf("String is %s\n", str); " c; c* i5 a5 o8 d4 P* J& T9 F
<>/* free memory */ 0 n4 Q& n! @8 |( G
free(str); ' L& ?+ j1 T6 L1 _# M. s. W
<>return 0; 9 X! R+ X+ r* [" \3 m. p
}
+ ~3 j* B8 E C4 ?2 E( R* q) B" c9 s! a

* V" `5 B3 ~8 l" q8 Q ~6 o8 q. z3 B- T6 m, f/ {2 x
<>函数名: memchr
# W! d0 u6 m+ u8 _, Q7 Q8 m功能: 在数组的前n个字节中搜索字符
4 w2 V7 N1 J! W( v* f) e7 U0 q0 |用法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n); $ R# O, ^/ H+ d/ h+ P3 {7 y/ C+ b
程序例: 
' t9 O% R) R9 G<>#include <STRING.H>
: `' ^! U$ a* A; d#include <STDIO.H>
; s4 b' G/ v, X. H0 F+ @; _; o+ t<>int main(void) # I, u" ?0 D, [: o! _! ]
{
3 d2 ^% m7 N6 D* j$ G: }9 _5 Bchar str[17]; ( ~2 R- c( \5 N' G
char *ptr; ' z8 G/ y+ N3 y0 J7 l R+ d* `; ?
<>strcpy(str, "This is a string"); % m& U: [- F' y$ |* V
ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str));
& N+ r- t% t! K' p* p! V7 rif (ptr)
/ O- d+ M8 c$ d, sprintf("The character 'r' is at position: %d\n", ptr - str);
8 \3 d( r$ I" k% k) j/ u+ ~else
; O2 F. i( F2 Y" A7 Aprintf("The character was not found\n"); % B4 ?1 V6 t$ v! b) ?
return 0;
7 K) q# o- @* z% E W0 ^/ V} & X& f: F) G4 t) @8 H

7 n+ S- m) q- a0 f<>函数名: memcpy . J# x! J U- ?8 c2 h
功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
0 E9 c4 E4 W# L: X用法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
+ f! W3 t; D- x2 q& x( x. b程序例: 
; U8 J1 \) r8 ?0 F3 p<>#include <STDIO.H>1 |# }. l; D, E5 _
#include <STRING.H>
 v! k- _/ Z( D! R4 bint main(void)
, K0 t. L2 F1 M4 |% E! J{
- i9 ?0 X5 S- W! J& C% `char src[] = "******************************"; 5 h9 K# Z# r1 T5 s% S% B" I
char dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
% }; ~0 h0 J h% r! ~char *ptr; 3 g/ O3 V! b1 q+ |$ i7 ^" s0 p8 Z
printf("destination before memcpy: %s\n", dest); 6 o, R4 `6 Q3 u3 c' Z. b: t
ptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src));
* z+ P' Q* p' d8 ?- O. l J1 yif (ptr)
3 J1 \. O! M6 @# @, W7 S7 iprintf("destination after memcpy: %s\n", dest);
8 U2 ^ I5 @, y! Y3 @( @0 oelse
; \7 Y" |5 D/ Q; I0 E' W" r4 Cprintf("memcpy failed\n"); 2 y( _( s' a% q9 _, l
return 0; " {! A) o+ D* d5 l6 j- ]
} . p W8 F- g0 b0 u4 \

* E- I1 S/ d2 o( ~5 u
<>函数名: memicmp 5 m' i! B% ^! {" x& l" O' p
功能: 比较两个串s1和s2的前n个字节, 忽略大小写 ( I4 @- f E6 ~
用法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n);
1 t3 {; f5 ?) T: J! w程序例: # n; Q9 P) S1 b! d" |& z' u1 I- |
<>#include <STDIO.H>) F% n8 Q) F) `2 g( a2 U
#include <STRING.H>
6 y) N3 g$ p3 H2 s* }6 h$ {( B<>int main(void) - u* r5 s4 R" |$ B0 t* l. J
{ * ]' ]( R- n, S7 j+ E) ]
char *buf1 = "ABCDE123";
+ w9 q. b: ~1 g" `& @6 r) U5 Tchar *buf2 = "abcde456"; ! r7 d; S: y5 g" _4 @
int stat; ( O P; ]4 x' E$ \' Z" f- A
stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5);
8 ]* @- `7 O3 H* i& v' uprintf("The strings to position 5 are "); ; O+ _9 f/ } q1 Y3 f$ g+ |
if (stat) ( j/ |/ g& v( X( l3 Z5 [ W
printf("not ");
5 L+ A4 e+ j: {% g4 z( Yprintf("the same\n");
6 T& N1 w( G2 s3 h3 J5 {return 0; 9 r# l* i) K% \ X2 s, g
} k9 A; F4 C. F" ^
9 u' x+ R1 \ W' N1 N7 n

% l) q! I4 f# r: P' R/ q<>函数名: memmove 
 ]* \- |! H! S& L功能: 移动一块字节 $ ^$ f4 x F2 p; T' r
用法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n);
- l1 P# m) R5 R) w2 f' H# G% F程序例: 
! a1 W+ F) s8 N6 ~/ o#include <STRING.H>5 l8 s! c+ {; o
#include <STDIO.H>$ h k: ` d/ a3 x' n
int main(void)
( M& Q" v+ u1 T+ I6 l" U{
6 e% ?9 Q1 _2 Zchar *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
 z5 `- v1 r' G3 N4 c8 zchar *src = "******************************";
$ C0 |9 ]7 `; f+ K9 nprintf("destination prior to memmove: %s\n", dest);
$ Z- F( X ^. b/ L; L9 D" kmemmove(dest, src, 26);
1 b5 Y6 A" j( W9 j4 l! Aprintf("destination after memmove: %s\n", dest); $ |4 A# _2 v0 J6 X6 a* n% U
return 0; 6 J8 E/ o t8 @. Z$ B6 r
}
- m6 [/ {2 @& |, B; |' y2 _3 i. z( m$ ~6 j
) I/ Z# P# b6 h+ a" z0 T
, r! S; D7 n3 g, o# S6 Q9 Q& I
函数名: memset * L9 q& R* f2 ~: E: I- l
功能: 设置s中的所有字节为ch, s数组的大小由n给定 / @* e6 b" Z+ B/ _" c2 R
用法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n); & a$ i5 V* b; h/ F0 @9 v7 x7 B7 t
程序例: 
& p; q6 }) I! u; V#include <STRING.H>
" I8 X; u& W# P! `#include <STDIO.H>% F: p; B, Y' p. b: F
#include <MEM.H>
$ E4 c) J# E! D9 W0 q8 m9 a' Jint main(void) 7 x2 r, X2 v& @# ^4 T
{ ~! z/ Z9 Z# |: H; R1 A
char buffer[] = "Hello world\n"; 
) H! y/ q' I1 }6 \6 t& }printf("Buffer before memset: %s\n", buffer); 9 A5 \% g7 S' s3 t( E# Z6 u2 i
memset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
$ e+ c) M$ p2 L. I1 t0 {; G7 u$ qprintf("Buffer after memset: %s\n", buffer);
+ o- T5 u3 F7 z9 t2 w, J7 r$ mreturn 0;
; A. ?' ~; j6 m# O3 l& S0 S, y} 
 N0 Q4 m; M$ Q$ d
; A$ k& @, O9 q0 }5 W, `. x$ ^" d
" |" |9 S' u" i& x函数名: mkdir 
! ]7 f" n% [+ |- i, I" n功能: 建立一个目录
$ G" f0 A! u" m8 j用法: int mkdir(char *pathname); ; U' H7 r: y W2 Z1 y% X. U
程序例: 
% H4 |, F, c% ?, \% W6 \. e#include <STDIO.H>* T- B7 Z9 {, H! G; X& F
#include <CONIO.H>, J1 K& y* i$ y r4 J7 d+ T
#include <PROCESS.H>& Z' Y; I, V, y# d
#include <DIR.H>, t; s3 @; e1 ]/ S7 w
int main(void) " g7 B7 T+ ~, s, ^$ X( B) _% ~
{
- ?& s$ c% v5 f3 ^int status; 
1 h1 b+ Q, h) Y7 g+ [clrscr(); % }# y. |8 R& o t! v1 W
status = mkdir("asdfjklm"); + V; u0 Y% j! o% M
(!status) ? (printf("Directory created\n")) : / @4 _) J* w- j2 q
(printf("Unable to create directory\n")); 8 R% p4 x2 i/ e4 U8 A. j8 d& m
getch();
2 y: ~5 o) U& Z' w- N" Bsystem("dir");
* a& o7 N! z2 A/ }2 g0 c+ y8 r7 egetch(); 
3 U, B- |0 A8 f4 U; C. I; d1 B% ostatus = rmdir("asdfjklm"); - x. X+ e6 j W3 n( R
(!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted\n")) :
 ^0 @9 w, p0 f) B/ @(perror("Unable to delete directory")); 0 ^+ K* z# Y3 x7 G1 f* u% J$ N% O
return 0; ' R5 P, l4 \. ]3 M3 E8 D
} " ^# x R( ~: S; }: H4 u

 k) d$ }; }, \/ f/ B% E& h- L" I1 U; R6 H) p7 q, d- T" P/ l0 x
; o0 [; n- R# k3 B' {/ k; q
函数名: mktemp 0 _. _* U% E. T1 T9 G0 A7 m
功能: 建立唯一的文件名
/ y/ h3 c# @! Y. Z) w1 ~+ H4 i用法: char *mktemp(char *template);
: i5 `, P! i9 m+ O. e1 N程序例: 
! D$ ^5 q+ Y6 `5 l#include <DIR.H>" B2 y3 Z8 P6 c5 L7 x
#include <STDIO.H>0 n/ U3 k8 y; d' E9 R
int main(void)
) x3 G) o$ n% d{
# i. U4 g: t0 Q2 h y/* fname defines the template for the
* g6 c; q' ~( W+ y! C5 `; ^! q m0 stemporary file. */ ! O- h9 X, M' `" G1 J& y% ^
char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr; 
3 C+ [# i3 z9 j# E+ tptr = mktemp(fname);
9 ?- B5 U$ H& d3 J5 K4 @, p8 |3 ^6 s9 Lprintf("%s\n",ptr);
) }+ W, b2 J8 Y6 Preturn 0;
/ L$ F, V; C! t9 m& s} 0 m% g- M/ E1 t i/ e2 v6 X3 y0 k1 _0 u

( ^2 Z2 W8 x3 `6 L# i
+ H% M/ N! l0 B- j函数名: MK_FP 
 r' x& A( a' H& J0 {( D功能: 设置一个远指针 / A/ H3 b% ^- t5 P
用法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
& d. }; I' }! p: f6 H& O% A* K程序例: 
) e* z8 R9 _2 a, Y; ?& @* _3 V#include <DOS.H>+ `" \. ~. \2 x. g5 z2 U
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
3 m V. b6 ?& N5 ~, Xint main(void)
 w# l; V8 a" i! d+ u4 a/ M0 ]4 P( a{
- m/ p. @9 a3 h! l6 K4 pint gd, gm, i; , K( c- \! ` T) n
unsigned int far *screen; 
( G+ a9 m# c+ j/ A- ^2 c& V7 @detectgraph(&gd, &gm); 3 @4 ~7 f5 K* B$ z8 Z
if (gd == HERCMONO) 3 Q5 u* C! M) x
screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0); 3 Z/ Z, f; p7 K- i3 p. l2 o- v
else 3 b4 \( |1 p: l+ {7 {* u
screen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0);
& m* U% g( Y. A4 J8 `for (i=0; i<26; i++) + N6 O5 b, F3 Q9 D
screen = 0x0700 + ('a' + i); ; C: n* K+ E3 q! n2 B# X
return 0; + O% m% i8 b! ~4 A
}
& o7 c( @ Y$ U! ~2 K4 }- s
% B, R% ]& ?. D- k4 m
) Q/ N7 \+ b" R4 S# p函数名: modf * x( x/ c0 u- J
功能: 把数分为指数和尾数 1 Y, z" N# j/ M5 a$ o
用法: double modf(double value, double *iptr); D+ V ?- x. I
程序例: 
( w* V" H% c9 F5 k5 n#include <MATH.H>7 r7 M& U/ m0 V
#include <STDIO.H>& n" P* E- H3 L( i. Q: b
int main(void) & n# J% R1 Y- ]+ {
{
+ _- n, m' c o6 o0 Ddouble fraction, integer;
4 d3 o+ p4 N1 r2 o" B9 ~double number = 100000.567; 
5 ^0 K2 x: E2 P6 z, i% rfraction = modf(number, &integer); ; V4 E& M j1 G& \; V( Q1 F1 a( V
printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf\n",
" l/ H# c4 P" n: Xnumber, integer, fraction); # P1 E# j6 x3 S
return 0; 0 |4 G6 S& b7 a; d5 l
} 1 ?1 m' \' X% q- i5 t5 r& `

; y5 r$ `) H" r; i+ L) i5 {4 i7 b! u" T! ]8 [3 u
函数名: movedata : Q0 p% T* s! U' I
功能: 拷贝字节
/ x, X5 w/ l1 e: N用法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
$ M1 j. s3 f- ?9 \! b3 Eint offdest, unsigned numbytes);
# I* C! m0 i( }: r程序例: 0 N- E# w4 Z- a8 X2 V% P. ~& J
#include <MEM.H>
& @3 f3 B. ~- a( E7 ]% d#define MONO_BASE 0xB000 . C1 P* n) I0 a6 @& z* q
/* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */
6 }' H" G' T# Uvoid save_mono_screen(char near *buffer) l6 F, ?8 z/ z! O0 r3 ]7 `' y
{ 9 g' {2 j% b; G$ m
movedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2); 1 B" F8 O7 g; k, l. @1 s1 g
} 2 {% l, U% }" Y" W9 x7 }" ?! P
int main(void)
9 ~' L$ J3 u+ f e9 _9 I{
% {, e+ \2 S0 l# |# Kchar buf[80*25*2]; 7 z3 ~ q. K% x/ C& n
save_mono_screen(buf);
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' \' l% d5 U* d7 f函数名: moverel ' a* G" d; Z$ Y
功能: 将当前位置(CP)移动一相对距离 * ~' e) k8 n7 ]9 `9 l
用法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy); 2 t1 _" |- v0 P1 S- v" U! S
程序例: * D# v2 h$ W+ P6 j
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
1 G2 k2 U) s) S; e#include <STDLIB.H>4 k: r; n7 z5 X, ~+ q; L% @# ?* x
#include <STDIO.H>
! V) m" {9 Z! x0 w( d/ \ P9 t% f#include <CONIO.H>
1 ^5 H ` B* \+ S; t& Gint main(void) + ?6 \ t- D9 \; i" W7 ]# M, J
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/* request auto detection */
* U: |( ?+ p3 P- d, G) B) Uint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
 J5 c( F. I$ W2 \) _char msg[80]; 
4 S3 ?: I* s& H8 }& Q, y, @/* initialize graphics and local variables */
* @' I" D/ C: g9 X$ C. einitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); $ A+ u* _, X9 z4 o' n; v
/* read result of initialization */
6 o3 n! k2 q9 u$ A0 a& ~8 s3 serrorcode = graphresult();
5 A* W; E- _. zif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
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printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
+ k$ ]& c! I7 L# k6 \- eprintf("Press any key to halt:");
% |3 r7 ~" }! i+ P8 Kgetch();
7 f+ L$ T3 j5 Pexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
% h$ V; r9 m2 V6 Y} 
6 ?3 f0 p( M2 R/ }/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
5 g* g) |" n) a/ }% ymoveto(20, 30); 
( E* X z1 p" G3 d2 @/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
9 i) `" I, Q4 B' g' |- \/ |/ \; Wputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 2 E- @& Y2 }: s. x, D
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */ 7 G; Z# A, n# p" F6 s
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); 8 k/ X' {9 ~$ ?2 M: z; [
outtextxy(20, 30, msg); 4 v2 z/ r% w1 O
/* move to a point a relative distance */
1 R. @6 @2 G' I/* away from the current value of C.P. */
" q( u, J+ |$ s: T# Imoverel(100, 100); & x, I+ M' _3 N
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ ( o# U: Y, B! ] N, H! `
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); " ]! e8 }5 F- c9 e L
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
) {) I2 J ^& Y' B) q% t' N3 zsprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); ! } I+ p" n% }, X' p5 Z
outtext(msg); 
, [) \4 D+ @4 t$ F" p/* clean up */
7 v4 S/ \5 F- M3 C1 v0 j0 R' n3 Bgetch();
* C) b1 O1 _' P+ A5 z0 m) Nclosegraph(); , \# [$ f* X" k' ^& u
return 0;
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函数名: movetext % W/ `# ~7 \1 ]# {8 \
功能: 将屏幕文本从一个矩形区域拷贝到另一个矩形区域 + ~9 @! w+ z0 T# f3 D$ f5 P V
用法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, $ V) L9 s0 b J7 X7 _4 Z: ]
int newleft, int newtop); + t; C( s+ b3 i) s7 m
程序例: N+ R! j6 c. S0 U
#include <CONIO.H>
8 l' e0 M( p6 }3 k8 W#include <STRING.H>* `, w$ ]' S5 f' e' g
int main(void)
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char *str = "This is a test string"; 
6 V+ {, Q3 C* a% v; dclrscr();
: u/ C! f' v( l9 f" ^1 Icputs(str); 9 k1 S ?# J' a, c. R' X. q
getch(); 
5 ^ z. X( B; _$ I3 |0 P: E" z! tmovetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10); - ?- a, e3 N$ k
getch(); 6 F' C$ G+ Q, ]5 ~2 z
return 0;
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函数名: moveto
, B$ ]8 W" a( y功能: 将CP移到(x, y)
1 w2 A7 F+ M% h* j9 ]用法: void far moveto(int x, int y); $ [( @' C/ j9 T$ i
程序例: 2 q+ F& E% K, Q
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
4 {+ U& [5 I: V8 W% `' K#include <STDLIB.H>
' A+ D/ E2 b8 v, d4 c4 [#include <STDIO.H>
/ n& A# J y, s4 e# m+ V#include <CONIO.H>" V2 L+ a" @6 c0 X! H; r
int main(void) 1 L: {+ o K1 c5 V
{
3 p7 P9 a' @0 @, d1 Y; k# x/* request auto detection */ ) x: k& h# i i
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
8 i: L6 d2 ]" z! O* ?, Lchar msg[80]; 
" |3 j* k* |5 P: d) W# T! v8 J% r/* initialize graphics and local variables */
# S8 [8 I% u& Linitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); ! _: ?; Y8 g" T m; r% \9 n5 z
/* read result of initialization */ % }/ g% M4 |( \+ B1 c7 D
errorcode = graphresult();
5 t1 C& o4 u' Dif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
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printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 4 O4 l; r* r4 U" ?8 ]3 G4 S
printf("Press any key to halt:");
9 w+ X- h# _ R4 k( |% [5 agetch();
! N* f; r J, R7 _exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ - a4 [9 @) v. @9 s/ C
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/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
- \4 _. y/ D8 a1 w# J# ^moveto(20, 30); " b" n" h4 i$ W0 b1 p a' a1 e! o
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
( ?8 J# J. u' Uputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 0 N& O# \, ]/ l
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */ " C, s: d# {4 ?" ^' t6 _
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); 5 s) q' M& I3 G0 _% W3 X2 z
outtextxy(20, 30, msg); 
/ x0 N& ~- ~' f; ^& o! [/* move to (100, 100) */
# ? b- u4 T) L+ R6 {/ Emoveto(100, 100); 
' J* S; D( }/ G/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
+ o3 h5 r A: y& \8 e; eputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); t' K% K3 ]5 }( j
/* create and output a message at C.P. */ 0 Q4 V. ~9 _! n5 f& c
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
2 }2 b% g2 k& Fouttext(msg); 
4 r i" U5 M% ~( \/ ]/* clean up */ 3 j. [' _* q! g! A+ M* H
getch(); % S& ^2 }: x& q6 K% D: @
closegraph();
# p1 B2 S. _: r8 W! q, I9 O" m3 { Treturn 0; 6 P* p- b. y: ~5 d# G1 ], L! V& j
}
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函数名: movemem 
; j4 Z! d1 N% {$ {1 h( C6 a, y功能: 移动一块字节
 n% x, j/ A, b用法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
& x" }/ m6 P+ @7 ?% e程序例: 
' T1 }& c" E; e) T#include <MEM.H>
+ M2 A, J1 `( O& D#include <ALLOC.H>
1 M* ]) w J/ F- B& h9 G1 {#include <STDIO.H>( @5 r0 E% N- s' [7 C
#include <STRING.H>
* D( Q4 d& M0 v: Vint main(void) 9 q; P! _6 W; F: f( \
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char *source = "Borland International";
; ?* h4 K! `8 `char *destination; # @/ C: u+ ]+ X
int length; 
* F; [/ J: U2 ]) ilength = strlen(source);
; F; v+ x+ W6 o" rdestination = malloc(length + 1);
0 P a/ K# w' G( amovmem(source,destination,length); 8 [6 P. n H6 r" Q2 n& n
printf("%s\n",destination); ( s# Z5 V% \5 D! N7 g E
return 0; , z y; K" {0 o1 {# z1 k( q; h
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函数名: normvideo 
6 H+ e! c6 s7 Q) P( u/ c& B" }功能: 选择正常亮度字符
 D+ j8 R$ ~. S& g用法: void normvideo(void); * L `/ G0 [4 |/ c4 a* L, K
程序例: 
1 L. O6 s% L' H% [7 M#include <CONIO.H>: E% b( [& g( x8 [( q/ i
int main(void)
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# c, i2 N! `+ O) r: |normvideo(); : v0 K8 }. y# V+ I$ e7 j
cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text\r\n"); 7 B/ {7 [$ E1 G9 g. M
return 0; 7 `& S0 L) p* u& l1 J
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* f; k8 C, Y2 _' Q. Y/ l函数名: nosound * I! I( e; r9 J' M7 N4 G ]) ~& R' T5 C
功能: 关闭PC扬声器 8 j& a- Y( [! i) ?. y
用法: void nosound(void); 4 Q( x% Q ~+ E9 b2 P: y) ?" M
程序例: ( E. R+ ?7 X: b! e, p7 p
/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds. 7 T( q7 f1 ?1 u- v
True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity.
# z1 o% O) }9 c. Y# _. q8 [This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
8 N# |5 X1 ?( q$ ]. igenerating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch: * c8 r% f% R& d, B. o; B7 U3 g
When the factory started up, all the chickens died. " e& c U' c. s( g- I0 p
Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone. . J2 K( S! Z8 j0 l
*/ 
$ L0 Y/ i* g# q i5 w& M3 `int main(void) x% t5 Y% w5 K c: X
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sound(7); # g) A# e$ \& G* Q: s
delay(10000);
# E% y( d9 E6 i) O0 T% P% J/ v* rnosound();
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