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函数大全(m开头)

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align=center>函数大全(m开头)
<

align=left>main()主函数
每一C 程序都 必须 有一main()函数, 可以根据自己的爱好把它放在程序的某
个地方。有些程序员把它放在最前面, 而另一些程序员把它放在最后面, 无论放
在哪个地方, 以下几点说明都是适合的。
1. main() 参数 
在Turbo C2.0启动过程中, 传递main()函数三个参数: argc, argv和env。
* argc: 整数, 为传给main()的命令行参数个数。
* argv: 字符串数组。
在DOS 3.X 版本中, argv[0] 为程序运行的全路径名; 对DOS 3.0
以下的版本, argv[0]为空串("") 。
argv[1] 为在DOS命令行中执行程序名后的第一个字符串;
argv[2] 为执行程序名后的第二个字符串;
...
argv[argc]为NULL。
*env: 安符串数组。env[] 的每一个元素都包含ENVVAR=value形式的字符
串。其中ENVVAR为环境变量如PATH或87。value 为ENVVAR的对应值如C:\DOS, C:
\TURBOC(对于PATH) 或YES(对于87)。
Turbo C2.0启动时总是把这三个参数传递给main()函数, 可以在用户程序中
说明(或不说明)它们, 如果说明了部分(或全部)参数, 它们就成为main()子程序
的局部变量。
请注意: 一旦想说明这些参数, 则必须按argc, argv, env 的顺序, 如以下
的例子:
main()
main(int argc)
main(int argc, char *argv[])
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[]) 
其中第二种情况是合法的, 但不常见, 因为在程序中很少有只用argc, 而不
用argv[]的情况。
以下提供一样例程序EXAMPLE.EXE, 演示如何在main()函数中使用三个参数:
/*program name EXAMPLE.EXE*/
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *env[])
{
int i;
printf("These are the %d command- line arguments passed to
main:\n\n", argc);
for(i=0; i<=argc; i++)
printf("argv[%d]:%s\n", i, argv);
* L- k) p2 x8 \% t9 |printf("\nThe environment string(s)on this system are:\n\n"); 9 c/ c2 ?: ^% e6 U2 L \
for(i=0; env!=NULL; i++) 6 n+ T% y) Z: f* b/ i7 L4 |4 n
printf(" env[%d]:%s\n", i, env);
4 l1 m* u; @" t0 H} - P* O5 H4 N/ l. F! O
如果在DOS 提示符下, 按以下方式运行EXAMPLE.EXE: ' I T) k2 U4 ~# [ ^ P6 U) Z
C:\example first_argument "argument with blanks" 3 4 "last but
$ ~% a$ D7 S6 h+ [2 v6 uone" stop! ? e! }: f5 m: W
注意: 可以用双引号括起内含空格的参数, 如本例中的: " argument " P6 _# p- a& y# b! R! n
with blanks"和"Last but one")。 - ~' c `! V, R E
结果是这样的:
$ U3 x$ U: G5 t) lThe value of argc is 7
7 Y8 @! X. R0 Y9 b' C$ m/ L& ]0 SThese are the 7 command-linearguments passed to main:
6 A. H; ~# S9 C4 l* X6 T: A/ U9 ~argv[0]:C:\TURBO\EXAMPLE.EXE
# V! j" B: N# _ w/ O. [) z) ?- largv[1]:first_argument
7 q6 J b6 T. u" L Z3 w3 Pargv[2]:argument with blanks + d& V8 H) J9 `& M& l M/ T
argv[3]:3
4 D# G4 X9 f- \; [6 cargv[4]:4
. [1 r1 N: g8 ~7 D3 x: e' ^argv[5]:last but one ( S1 w! o" C% o& v/ d& b
argv[6]:stop! % N) i# \% ~* h- e" ~
argv[7]NULL) ) Z: t/ }) j# e+ c, j
The environment string(s) on this system are: 8 S' Z) `. n, C
env[0]: COMSPEC=C:\COMMAND.COM ! g1 N( m8 {. k/ h0 y
env[1]: PROMPT=$P$G /*视具体设置而定*/
- j. E2 I3 d' renv[2]: PATH=C:\DOS;C:\TC /*视具体设置而定*/
7 u7 d e& ]: J: b6 E' |, m T' c# [0 C2 t. n! p
应该提醒的是: 传送main() 函数的命令行参数的最大长度为128 个字符 (包 8 p% C5 O, ?7 r, R
括参数间的空格), 这是由DOS 限制的。
0 t( _8 K0 h; f# z1 S" B# o5 \1 V s( g: }" B: Z$ ^
<>函数名: matherr 
2 J% ~ W- T A7 \* z1 C功能: 用户可修改的数学错误处理程序 9 \/ p& e6 p! P4 n% x! F
用法: int matherr(struct exception *e); 6 i& u8 s: `: R8 J+ j
程序例: 
% X" m4 Q+ T5 u0 w; m<>/* This is a user-defined matherr function that prevents
. [- @0 {; a$ A8 E- {any error messages from being printed. */ 
# X3 g( K9 M; b1 T<>#include<MATH.H> % n8 t- x5 l, C% Z2 s
<>int matherr(struct exception *a)
0 K& \9 e r. Y& o9 e{
- C0 x8 \; x% Vreturn 1; 6 r' v# q. B; N( K+ k: s; Q9 M- C# O, w
} 7 Y- P" l9 D/ E: g

; u( q6 ^% u& H1 t% }1 T% C7 [
7 V& c! G1 t$ Q8 H: B
3 r1 b; j' Y! F$ r+ s<>函数名: memccpy 
" p$ v* u& j* d; [功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中 ! M( D" ?4 Y$ B7 p; l
用法: void *memccpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned char ch, , h. j1 S0 N3 L& F( t1 K% Q+ }* N
unsigned n); : w+ c) V) G( [3 _/ t8 {1 r% C
程序例: 
. M# B* w" g) [" U# ^<>#include <STRING.H>
$ M8 R& F! r8 E8 q5 T- _' w#include <STDIO.H> {: Q- D. t3 s
<>int main(void)
7 j7 Y1 y) |5 g7 ?6 _{
3 u- J2 D* ?, p1 ^4 fchar *src = "This is the source string";
& A' |( k8 O+ f, x3 }$ ychar dest[50];
/ r& Y4 _( \% b, v/ _; ]' b0 Schar *ptr; 5 n# w1 D) l T
<>ptr = memccpy(dest, src, 'c', strlen(src)); 
 R' X, O* t$ g) c+ ]9 L<>if (ptr)
, G3 y! e5 H C9 B{ % X( V. b. V9 K; x; [
*ptr = '\0'; , k/ p$ M- T* T# D# j: T
printf("The character was found: %s\n", dest);
/ }8 _* W3 j. A6 {6 P( _}
, ^6 S$ E, I7 l2 O& C/ C& Relse ; z9 d& ]8 `- E* x( Y
printf("The character wasn't found\n"); 8 g+ c; ` B y4 _7 [" a; C
return 0;
1 J4 }+ z- X/ y& {4 c}
0 Z8 c, q' v& _& u6 }, K- t. e1 c; [( e) w" k
0 Q: U) { w2 [, U, o& k
<>函数名: malloc
! x% b% v V ?( _5 S功能: 内存分配函数
: O O+ I& A' g# o3 W用法: void *malloc(unsigned size); # t3 B6 J/ W" `1 p o
程序例: 9 r$ z8 c4 {. `, [/ O, l# A' s! F/ o
<>#include <STDIO.H>
6 Q! x% @1 q H/ d3 ^$ p#include <STRING.H>
% e0 k1 v; W6 O* b#include <ALLOC.H>
8 B+ u, D; u" h' ^; y#include <ROCESS.H>
. {) V. B0 {8 x! [<>int main(void)
( L8 M0 N. G$ s0 O8 j" m{
- m4 n: `5 z! s9 B( K5 M, }char *str; + V7 e. i0 f! o; G) C6 n1 a1 c
<>/* allocate memory for string */
7 V: Z7 H9 d. P# B/* This will generate an error when compiling */ # l/ V7 H5 s# S9 _ e' _
/* with C++, use the new operator instead. */ ! {0 k% f5 `- e, w2 J' O0 A
if ((str = malloc(10)) == NULL)
" k* ~8 D% V" G! t2 ?{ 1 c) h- q" L8 v8 p$ w
printf("Not enough memory to allocate buffer\n");
5 _* l$ C, Q1 h( Mexit(1); /* terminate program if out of memory */ . F) q W R1 J' Y# \# M
} 
9 ]+ r: O: Q4 r4 t* U$ c<>/* copy "Hello" into string */ Y( A& K) T4 P7 ]
strcpy(str, "Hello"); # h9 L( [( L8 p: Z5 Q4 D' u
<>/* display string */ . ^+ Q3 d3 n% `- E
printf("String is %s\n", str); , H8 @# l' D! @, }
<>/* free memory */ 8 x; f7 ^# @$ B$ {1 Q
free(str); 
$ Z$ g; ?# g: K$ ]) s<>return 0; . W# {) c, z* q3 R
}
 W( Z3 [9 x/ `; X2 j: O% H5 ?4 H# o
+ ?4 u. [1 M2 h% H6 y+ ^- p5 E# B

7 p. k7 u$ L8 r' W) X<>函数名: memchr ! `, V$ b' S' V- `4 [
功能: 在数组的前n个字节中搜索字符 # C' X- _! C5 \1 V
用法: void *memchr(void *s, char ch, unsigned n); / j |6 ]9 j/ h8 _" w A* c
程序例: # M9 C4 V6 J: y& o2 W+ X6 E
<>#include <STRING.H>
7 a) \2 U- t3 m. E: Z3 `#include <STDIO.H>3 W# P, ^3 U/ V8 _; B% F& j7 g" P
<>int main(void) 7 I1 `6 W4 j5 {0 q# }: N5 l: [. }
{
; N; A# x q8 f8 Lchar str[17]; ' W' T1 i) {! ]6 n0 [7 _
char *ptr; - D, O, @. ~. n# A i$ R$ a5 W
<>strcpy(str, "This is a string"); & B. q: c! x# p! J: f! B
ptr = memchr(str, 'r', strlen(str));
& P- f/ {. S! F/ A# R+ H" j9 Oif (ptr)
8 v. r$ D1 y" T$ Y+ K: d8 k) Oprintf("The character 'r' is at position: %d\n", ptr - str);
7 }6 T% p3 M& _2 T& Ielse 6 u5 r( j7 U6 c
printf("The character was not found\n"); # d9 {, \9 f8 f, w1 [( y+ j
return 0;
$ ?; L* }/ s% f! O% M4 D- _}
) N8 j. s" a. c: ?! v2 `3 p
- W6 R8 r+ C/ n0 ]- k+ U<>函数名: memcpy 
* h( k' F/ e/ X功能: 从源source中拷贝n个字节到目标destin中
 V! q. k5 \4 W- O8 w# q1 |用法: void *memcpy(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n); . ~( I ~% n+ O8 V
程序例: * Y: |8 [8 l& J2 P$ i# E0 C
<>#include <STDIO.H>" s7 L2 Z; T$ l0 t* n: p
#include <STRING.H>
8 z* D* m. j1 r; s0 ?4 H3 @7 Aint main(void)
5 O6 o- r9 u4 R0 i% ]{
) @ C; m) F t4 p$ kchar src[] = "******************************";
) R3 l- H Q; Gchar dest[] = "abcdefghijlkmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456709";
 E; Q- Y1 I$ m2 B l2 Bchar *ptr;
, l0 q- K2 R7 z3 R' J& G% pprintf("destination before memcpy: %s\n", dest);
" x4 f8 {) _3 r/ Bptr = memcpy(dest, src, strlen(src)); . U3 A& `% M, _% d/ X/ L, i
if (ptr)
- G; f+ ^1 P; J/ w8 S, q6 Wprintf("destination after memcpy: %s\n", dest); - Q* O9 U. Y. R. { k
else
) o) `) h" ~! w3 _8 s: y8 l2 qprintf("memcpy failed\n"); / \6 T [% S4 C+ Q
return 0; ; {& a4 w9 s: v f4 ^! N/ M
} 6 ~# _1 n; c4 l# {" c" E2 s

# T: L6 j0 I. e8 l& j9 v2 U7 D1 E0 t8 `
<>函数名: memicmp ( Y2 U0 ]; v: ?# z8 S4 H+ m7 W
功能: 比较两个串s1和s2的前n个字节, 忽略大小写
1 n3 V/ T, d4 e9 ?5 x4 A* S用法: int memicmp(void *s1, void *s2, unsigned n);
/ B; r* p- [; z8 k8 S程序例: 
, Q4 J- p b6 y" d1 Q2 j! ~<>#include <STDIO.H>
7 U# D0 n/ J# r% Y/ ^" _; J z#include <STRING.H>
" k p# m R+ X$ W7 h7 s<>int main(void)
3 X* F) G( ~1 E! A% j0 R0 n& s) T{ 0 X9 P- k- m8 {; J, W
char *buf1 = "ABCDE123";
, \4 D$ x; m3 Schar *buf2 = "abcde456";
3 j9 V& }- q2 }% dint stat; / H& P% Z/ ] J' X# j4 `+ \
stat = memicmp(buf1, buf2, 5);
" y, w5 T* T8 M" k6 cprintf("The strings to position 5 are "); " ^6 S) n M! r7 @1 l) k
if (stat) 9 B$ e4 }+ W$ {% [& p5 B9 u
printf("not "); * H& N/ R5 p% S
printf("the same\n");
9 z- n+ v6 r! s _0 j7 Y1 G0 Creturn 0;
# d- t; q0 N1 _: d( r} ( J* x# ?! P6 |9 F2 z8 a4 r+ h5 C0 P
' n' ~, v9 Z- R! u' o S8 s

9 Z) n! ]: {7 ~! C4 r, M3 _8 B<>函数名: memmove 
: ?+ T* x9 C; H3 J0 B功能: 移动一块字节 # _/ g. p" j5 B/ Q0 y" {( u
用法: void *memmove(void *destin, void *source, unsigned n); 4 g( `- o7 [8 c) B
程序例: 
) q L9 a4 w5 i6 \ T! e! L#include <STRING.H>! t# C7 O# d+ i) B& r
#include <STDIO.H>! m( ]1 P; x) ~0 v C
int main(void) ; k1 [! A7 M5 j; O/ O, z6 z
{
8 c' f, r% {% l. J. v5 wchar *dest = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789";
9 M0 o+ U8 o# d0 x+ Xchar *src = "******************************"; * s2 |1 ?+ u0 D" ]1 ~
printf("destination prior to memmove: %s\n", dest); 1 \0 o+ B" N3 R, T
memmove(dest, src, 26);
! v* Y6 A$ Y. M6 }* \/ `printf("destination after memmove: %s\n", dest); : {5 \# B6 D0 d3 P
return 0;
; i7 u+ F, w* v} 6 ~3 Q9 O- ~1 g/ T5 C: h

% ^' q: o: l8 J' C, J; \) Q8 k' t& Y, |! M- T& m
8 T. C$ L' X% a* Z( h: c
函数名: memset 
. j2 P9 Y" W; h- e4 r功能: 设置s中的所有字节为ch, s数组的大小由n给定
8 O; }$ C. {* j/ @" v用法: void *memset(void *s, char ch, unsigned n); / u7 F1 b( q$ J) Q" f
程序例: 
! u ?2 H9 K k+ X8 f, {#include <STRING.H>4 W: G' c% w; I) _( ~6 b* E3 }/ [
#include <STDIO.H>4 d( T0 K1 K+ E
#include <MEM.H>! h l" S5 s8 j% Q3 f3 v7 u
int main(void) 8 a0 ^+ T. A! R+ a8 v
{ % s* |' v# L5 ^+ Z( V6 U' ^
char buffer[] = "Hello world\n"; 7 b- D8 K! x) I2 t5 P* z( G
printf("Buffer before memset: %s\n", buffer);
& l# H6 A% b4 z ~- t kmemset(buffer, '*', strlen(buffer) - 1);
- o6 a' h( p$ u1 I- I) Q" aprintf("Buffer after memset: %s\n", buffer); ! ^4 }. B( z/ ^5 v1 y& n1 r, e5 x+ D
return 0; 3 z6 _. e; d- j7 M R) N* `$ ]3 \
} 
3 Z4 u u& H- r4 `: ]8 A! A% e7 X3 O/ [( M3 C: w

' f. R. \6 @, y. R, J4 o* M% t2 h函数名: mkdir 6 c) ?1 u& V0 u
功能: 建立一个目录
. e8 d5 g1 A) s. h用法: int mkdir(char *pathname); , T8 t. l+ R0 @$ x* c8 W6 V9 M
程序例: 
- d- t" Y6 b. E- e% ^#include <STDIO.H># j2 r/ ~1 Y- O M. i) K) j1 m
#include <CONIO.H>8 |* W9 Y! d y" w8 v$ q
#include <PROCESS.H>
" G# c$ B( o3 Y1 @#include <DIR.H>- m6 l8 t( Q# U% t6 j2 L7 d
int main(void) 3 L( ~* a/ N0 I" z; \/ L* c) h
{ 8 ^% h2 C" v- y. q8 {
int status; 
* A- {" c- i6 ^# Q2 Pclrscr(); 9 ?3 R9 h9 ^- ~; u5 v. J$ z
status = mkdir("asdfjklm"); + Z5 V& {2 p$ |, X& S- J! l# E7 s6 Z i
(!status) ? (printf("Directory created\n")) :
& S" W0 f$ w6 E9 J: d6 m(printf("Unable to create directory\n")); ( r& Z% L. e- d& G
getch(); $ n" g2 b( u' _
system("dir"); 3 K5 o; U/ g# [( [! k
getch(); - I- k# U# r1 N
status = rmdir("asdfjklm"); ' `/ X& a1 @2 ]4 a8 Q
(!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted\n")) :
% h$ u5 F- {$ g1 i1 k+ q7 p(perror("Unable to delete directory")); 
$ a$ a5 r! ~- c# G+ O+ ?- C( Ereturn 0;
( T' M& W3 v2 e}
7 \# D/ I+ r! p. J$ d5 X& n
5 Z- u K9 t& w3 H9 P
6 ~! t: M/ f' ?
, t# t9 ~& f" C6 m' ?' O% V函数名: mktemp 9 g+ o4 ^6 Q8 h
功能: 建立唯一的文件名 , Y: l8 c7 z9 {! h) o5 H# O+ v
用法: char *mktemp(char *template); / l/ l% I: x9 y3 s* y" @. A
程序例: # I- S& \+ y8 ~8 G
#include <DIR.H># m& g Y% d7 Z
#include <STDIO.H>6 s) v" ~8 j4 L- J( X% h6 i2 x/ H
int main(void)
. _' _ y4 Q4 p- `# l{
! F+ Y; n9 @% U6 g3 h+ S" H/* fname defines the template for the : e; ~/ j9 `( r5 _" B+ c+ b
temporary file. */ 
; ^: T4 K7 B6 n! K5 ^4 Pchar *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr; ! d6 N' j" ~+ ^' g, V$ w
ptr = mktemp(fname);
, B J- Z X/ p9 @3 gprintf("%s\n",ptr);
8 C8 E- M( p8 I! breturn 0;
' y b- H5 W0 E+ T0 Z0 d3 K}
2 G/ h- M. M0 h: C S0 q
 H3 G& b6 ?' ^ z- p# h0 y: O& @( P
函数名: MK_FP : _; e8 [3 T: f7 p2 |7 s/ e
功能: 设置一个远指针 ) S$ G7 m5 U" d9 i. w: W; f
用法: void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
6 H$ \' R! U1 ?. V+ s5 V: q/ z' v程序例: 4 p; h! o P7 J' ~9 s1 {
#include <DOS.H>3 O$ n. ^4 f b5 Y o' H, X
#include <GRAPHICS.H>. N+ Z- f. l, R0 K$ y8 X) |# M
int main(void)
# H9 b% _1 `/ |- ~1 m. }. |/ Z{ Q# w5 }0 V( Y3 N% L0 ~
int gd, gm, i; 9 z7 w" @+ X+ ^5 h
unsigned int far *screen; 
2 t: k( u8 l C7 V" bdetectgraph(&gd, &gm);
8 M/ b2 t j2 e6 d' @! b3 Bif (gd == HERCMONO) 7 ^! s. e. j8 |+ n0 L: E y3 g2 P
screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0); 1 [1 v- ~2 s' [0 w, Z' R' y
else
1 T; a+ t4 G `8 B1 e+ b* Escreen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0); * ^4 B9 l1 ~; [9 ?5 r/ l7 Y
for (i=0; i<26; i++)
! A* C0 \# w. D/ |# H r# ]screen = 0x0700 + ('a' + i); . O Z$ x& S9 N, Y) l4 l% {
return 0; $ V4 D8 q+ W1 s5 b0 g# e; K
}
! x; N0 {! `7 ^: [7 E8 B2 U5 _( N5 X( l2 P9 Q4 A5 Q
1 C$ H- O$ P/ h! o* [9 W8 a
函数名: modf 
3 \4 U8 d+ T1 {/ p4 h, i: E功能: 把数分为指数和尾数 8 V. O2 C7 h6 ^5 E: y' t
用法: double modf(double value, double *iptr);
 I2 s; v2 h& z" i" u$ Z, }程序例: 5 P8 i* ]7 n3 k
#include <MATH.H>
. ^$ m- @; R2 t) J! I$ k& i8 |#include <STDIO.H>0 E3 Y" n+ V& h0 N; T* u' Q! A
int main(void)
3 g, l s4 ~. m1 S# w' k+ Y4 ]1 g{ # I' t( L. V, E5 M1 P' |) ~5 ]+ W( }
double fraction, integer; & d% ]. D7 A9 o0 T
double number = 100000.567; $ c" J. f9 z K* a# C, x. H
fraction = modf(number, &integer); 2 c$ t- D0 H2 N3 y
printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf\n", * ?: q% q% S& }, E
number, integer, fraction);
, }- a/ Q# I3 V1 T& e- R: V# T' Ireturn 0; 2 q6 A" G L; N, X9 b. Z! v
} 
4 o; Y/ R% K1 Q
' R! `4 n1 ~9 Z4 c8 H3 [
7 K7 K# [5 @. o7 g/ M9 h函数名: movedata - P4 D6 i" U( a+ S
功能: 拷贝字节
6 \/ }: p8 Q9 z) k用法: void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
) e+ Y" R3 i7 @ F. N4 d1 Qint offdest, unsigned numbytes);
/ M! p" h2 b9 p" o) I程序例: 
! \( h6 S/ `% o#include <MEM.H> l4 Q6 l L- n
#define MONO_BASE 0xB000 
% d P' f/ J0 o- ^& e/* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */
0 [& R6 r2 E) g* @, u' P0 o3 y mvoid save_mono_screen(char near *buffer)
( V5 c; a; {: F$ G5 N" B6 t7 X{
" M% @+ {" d' n! x# K4 u- Xmovedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2); / J& \, R* o E# l; _
} - D" m9 q3 H9 }* b
int main(void) 5 l$ q% Y1 |8 T+ B8 ~* E$ f6 ~3 F
{
4 L* E; U0 E, u3 X$ Z* p# [) S" o! Mchar buf[80*25*2];
/ y7 o: N# h! B9 z3 `save_mono_screen(buf); 0 f; D6 X( j8 t. n' ?! \
}
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2 D5 P! e; D% D: ?4 A8 i8 v! m( P" O
函数名: moverel 
2 r. |) B% x& F0 U0 \' g% r0 g功能: 将当前位置(CP)移动一相对距离 9 g" f$ m% ] o! K
用法: void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
) W8 \7 ^6 V& Y2 p/ k程序例: 2 n0 Z7 i) }; K5 n8 C, n% l
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
6 [ @3 t+ g$ G% a1 j$ c#include <STDLIB.H>
( h, V' @. r9 [# u' m+ W- q#include <STDIO.H>
, e ]& P2 Y9 a5 R6 j2 s1 h#include <CONIO.H>
& G7 i/ x }( j0 V0 rint main(void)
 W! n/ S+ n4 h/ A4 [0 U5 ^{
2 ]* N f$ E: k" {* r: P- m- V# y/* request auto detection */ % D) r1 h& V; z. J( t+ i0 D
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
6 }( j1 s" q0 ]5 O. p0 vchar msg[80]; 
5 A+ f0 c5 d+ [4 Q' [/* initialize graphics and local variables */ * S8 N3 u% T4 W% P, |9 ], S
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
" B2 f6 i z5 m! n/ U) N+ P- K/* read result of initialization */ 2 K* o( i. [ z& l$ P
errorcode = graphresult(); : r6 Z: N0 g+ i, ?, X7 E& s; Z7 I9 t
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
7 n8 E6 b$ J" P6 t9 c{ & @7 D& K. u7 P) m7 J
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); $ a9 c2 M& p* b
printf("Press any key to halt:");
7 h3 j. R' E' G8 p2 r4 zgetch();
& i0 |1 S$ o) U! ?6 ?: N+ m. ]% Mexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 6 \( R8 @/ L U
} 
: b0 t& }8 D' w6 }7 C; x' n. M/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */ - J/ I9 \: [7 x+ }* s1 ~4 M
moveto(20, 30); 9 F" l* n. H( _
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ 5 _$ r$ N: d7 j8 P
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 8 F2 l" F) a: k7 |% b2 b' p2 O' v
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */ M* ]7 L, a4 c7 U- C
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); 8 O; ?/ O6 n& u2 e4 W
outtextxy(20, 30, msg); 
: f, I6 N7 i# R: X" E/* move to a point a relative distance */ 3 l: c0 X0 s! ]7 W1 ]$ [+ D
/* away from the current value of C.P. */
' J ]1 k: {' B9 C" B( vmoverel(100, 100); / a" C$ K: P0 h. U
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ $ h: E$ I9 O; b Y" i' P7 _
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); ) ^( T3 _: m" @* c5 ~7 |
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
. i9 r2 T7 q( Y# Dsprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety()); ' k: N0 i0 a! @. R9 f7 C
outtext(msg); 
2 r/ V x2 O0 j$ ?/* clean up */ " }/ E" W% B0 e% s7 K4 V T4 e# M
getch(); ) d& |4 W# f; D1 g% a
closegraph();
- f- {- L- |& ?- ereturn 0; 2 E7 W: `0 h3 e! s h- X* U7 e$ K
} - H) ?, q* d! O; u" L2 w/ M
3 [' n$ i; j, ^" D

; _8 Q. _0 ~' ?0 c函数名: movetext
9 p, K' G6 a: [功能: 将屏幕文本从一个矩形区域拷贝到另一个矩形区域 9 M) u4 i. |- T- V2 G' {
用法: int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
. @. Z' V0 j/ n1 Zint newleft, int newtop); : M- r$ ?1 x6 @: `$ O7 D. }. N
程序例:
" |% O4 B* v1 _8 ^) T#include <CONIO.H>. X9 ]! T# @* \4 c2 L* n! N
#include <STRING.H>
4 M( r9 o# W: r" c5 C7 Tint main(void)
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char *str = "This is a test string"; 
. s, H" ^7 h$ V H5 qclrscr(); : b6 V" C" r5 c' n4 W; P
cputs(str); & N6 @1 I) ?2 \' A% c, M
getch(); 
7 L1 c _ f# s3 _& Y; |( Tmovetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10); , ?" H5 M# u( r5 H/ Z0 F1 D
getch(); 
5 H% t9 c0 C3 v2 l* M9 w6 zreturn 0;
; A& D" S) Y! n" C: B6 Y2 E# M} ; C& B4 H' |* t
1 F9 W1 q: J8 T, F0 J

7 X* D9 v+ M7 K2 K. E+ A6 ]函数名: moveto " r- _, g% p$ a2 g0 S" Q
功能: 将CP移到(x, y) , f" x' Z, x- c& a- M6 o
用法: void far moveto(int x, int y); $ B& E! }+ m; |5 s; @
程序例: 
' g; x, w% X9 w% l" U$ _#include <GRAPHICS.H>
5 g; T1 g! P4 S9 X( z, V#include <STDLIB.H>
/ H! d& e( q* B- d#include <STDIO.H>
' x. v! r4 w, h9 H#include <CONIO.H>: h0 H# k" v% c. t
int main(void)
% M+ ~, J0 X* L- ^{
9 c- j, B! V% |/ r1 Y/* request auto detection */ / `6 t3 T) w. v, K8 S
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
3 W% u: q& d$ G0 A, t9 qchar msg[80]; / a b: k+ l* x% S v7 O3 i* y( `
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
# p, U. Q5 X2 \' xinitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); $ z* d X/ o$ f8 X# L8 m
/* read result of initialization */
. b M( p8 q) h2 b1 _+ {) Q5 Cerrorcode = graphresult();
9 k, i0 v3 z# v4 {& d: ~' i, ?9 Q3 tif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 2 c) N$ f8 o" ^& i, T
{
# [' o8 ~ n1 F1 U- a- yprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
% z8 M; P1 [& l, B3 P; ?printf("Press any key to halt:");
- k3 \; h4 v0 J4 b) k" ?getch();
7 k# H) q8 P" m8 F1 y2 [, y4 wexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 6 M9 v/ h. q% |- J
} 9 i2 _6 t/ p& u
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */ & b, O0 K/ k( r& |
moveto(20, 30); 
( V" s8 _7 J6 F, _/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */ % u/ z- n% u/ s6 T
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 
% f" D* W6 G {. o( [9 ]5 `/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
+ ]; j6 Z3 v4 `/ v! n. @sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
5 ?% K3 t8 {. `. b& T# q1 O3 ]. y; S% routtextxy(20, 30, msg); ! ?& l' d' o* k' P
/* move to (100, 100) */
) C( E2 | T9 \. }8 p9 ~ xmoveto(100, 100); 0 `- ~! D9 m' C# p% m, ^: \( R
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
7 q2 F7 R1 G& [- k1 Y( Tputpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor()); 6 X" \, i, q0 l$ a" T4 H9 O9 ?4 \$ I
/* create and output a message at C.P. */ $ b, B8 D6 |4 Y8 N# K9 k( M! o1 A
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
( M( C) B1 k( s) H# C8 o1 i5 r8 t) Uouttext(msg); 
( t0 B4 j# @! r/* clean up */
0 |% H4 s+ R; Y4 egetch();
0 h# [+ U- g+ C+ N+ R9 O Hclosegraph(); 5 \& `) N" G( f! \& n' r
return 0;
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$ M; x- f4 Q. u4 L! I函数名: movemem ) w/ Q7 Q; n7 U+ K+ t) c5 c
功能: 移动一块字节 6 F) C, I8 e! C4 x ^
用法: void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
/ F) G6 T' y$ W# u- I程序例: ) V- Q- F3 n) K" z, ]
#include <MEM.H>
' L5 F; _" k1 e8 j# s, e* A#include <ALLOC.H>0 v4 \5 q% Y! n, j
#include <STDIO.H>* T2 W0 O" F7 Y; _# _* a9 D
#include <STRING.H>* D1 k* D A9 Q1 G
int main(void) ( Y8 x6 E+ V4 a( A5 @. w
{
, [8 H' c/ q8 i" N/ Pchar *source = "Borland International"; . R# k# x* @; v) `6 ^
char *destination; 4 O5 _1 ^9 N4 b. k& a1 a
int length; : l) i) {2 _" L$ r
length = strlen(source);
: r }2 y- P8 W) m: {8 s% E4 i7 Fdestination = malloc(length + 1); ' z* b8 K: T _6 Q# O% E3 g& N
movmem(source,destination,length);
9 B ~2 u2 t! A. D U! J1 Yprintf("%s\n",destination); 
7 c, ?: Y3 T4 o T7 s9 yreturn 0;
/ I! A' |7 C/ Q( r5 [} 6 C- n; D5 j- L* R3 f

0 @8 A: E I6 k) ?. x0 {' M
. Y* t, o$ E/ K5 V& M& Q: p函数名: normvideo 
. N; ^: I/ ?% \: H% ]6 Q功能: 选择正常亮度字符
+ C' |4 |0 f" C用法: void normvideo(void); 6 B* B1 d8 m5 f: o$ H3 O' c
程序例: 2 a) ]3 u8 s$ u; U
#include <CONIO.H>6 q# v, b2 Z" Q1 l: c8 L
int main(void)
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normvideo(); + x9 r# e1 |2 i. }
cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text\r\n");
8 a3 d" E$ L4 g+ lreturn 0;
4 D* j3 f: ?/ `- O# u5 a6 M}
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) y7 J/ q- M9 X0 a函数名: nosound * ?) D+ R' E. `( V! E2 s
功能: 关闭PC扬声器 + C3 V: O4 T% d) f& _
用法: void nosound(void);
# j4 H h) }$ d( N程序例: 
5 F2 X, i* i3 l9 i/ M5 j7 d/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds. 
1 b4 n/ Z# e& Y7 ETrue story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity. ; N* K4 F) d7 A& u4 z; j' j
This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
( a% l1 x6 j" n/ j# y- G; Zgenerating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
9 [7 v, E8 m2 |# B% q$ ~When the factory started up, all the chickens died. 
1 \# P% Y* d. g, O! pYour PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone. ! O5 T4 b5 R) ?! q N6 O p
*/ 
9 ], _/ H2 K2 v" D; y; {int main(void)
8 n) l# c2 c* ~/ i" f9 x8 ]8 \( i{
: A4 J4 X; Z, e% y" ssound(7);
+ F0 {1 {9 D& e) Zdelay(10000); . m" N1 ^; d( C, r2 w
nosound();
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