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超导物理的发展

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发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics$ W" J) D! X% {5 |7 p+ A 标 题: 超导物理的发展 5 C% `2 w: c' J/ |4 F发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信1 d6 r$ ^6 P/ Q1 W3 j5 ~2 B * d% U. @' v# z6 d顾名思义,超导体是指在低温下(一个临界温度,$T_C$,以下)电阻为零的一类导体9 ^( z J% a+ U2 y3 d, |1 Y5 n7 D7 L! h7 X4 K( R' h+ m' y 在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后,又接连发现多种金属、 2 T; Z }* j$ u7 }+ l合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此,零电阻(完全导体)成为超导体的第一个; `& o$ H" m1 M6 I 标志。 & q& C( u6 T3 l2 j第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性,也就是Meissner效应。4 n* }$ L% }, a5 [ 即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中,当温度降低进入超导态时,磁力线也不会存在 F: X8 e* J' W! }, F+ D于超 ) b6 _( r3 \) S" M; k1 }$ S3 g导体穿透深度($\lambda$,典型值在500$\AA$左右)以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 ( k) X8 @. z% E, z+ x; c+ p界磁场时, 3 i9 n5 A4 L/ C3 v# n超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看,也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低 I$ N$ r% W3 i) Q+ A7 ^% s2 L' v9 o1 q \begin{equation} ; ?! {8 J1 Q4 r& `9 c* p{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T) * Z* B! L1 B) R, Q) T\end{equation}+ M' E& K* g7 e( @+ e 这里,$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并. A1 ? i* Z) I 且, 6 K/ J9 G8 |2 J7 S$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述: 5 r8 g5 P& ?2 a5 ?+ E: H\begin{equation} M& w0 Z" y% P{H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2], Z4 p3 f- c7 b2 J, B5 J. t) A+ l, ~ \end{equation}

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    根据哲学,我猜测有低温超导,也有高温超导。

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    请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象?有没有这方面的研究报告?

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    超导常用链接

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    Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

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  • Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery 3 j4 j' e8 _/ [9 ^ S/ }7 {: Q9 M$ T % h6 _" O4 M2 z
  • Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery ! ]2 t& D4 n& M' u3 L " ^1 T1 P& N; ?9 H# f0 |; S4 }
  • Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin 2 K7 i) _# F. v; U+ Z; p $ T% D- W6 N$ u4 \/ f) g
  • Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan 8 a) p( {, g1 C: h: L- `+ U5 q
  • Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science - ]" k# R! O' B3 u6 p 8 Q$ {1 }+ n$ e' p2 L5 r
  • Figures of Superconductor Molecules | ILL Research Institute - France 5 T- H) Q9 [# J) k4 f& y+ J0 j+ v0 ?% H6 j6 H3 D3 R0 `
  • Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK $ x. d, R& ~) K8 ? ( ~5 J5 o) v. C9 P1 @) W
  • Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland 7 i! ]) T! J7 l1 e8 f9 C, _, V s8 G2 n; j, d
  • Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive) 2 b# ]0 K0 A" w& a Z- g, g$ I: ^7 e! k
  • Perovskite & Other Structures | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK . w' ], i2 ]/ L! d % d9 {6 P5 o+ l3 E' B
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    Tutorial/Research:

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  • Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University N; C9 B6 \# J/ M4 w0 Q: r! E
  • Superconductivity Concepts Link Map | Georgia State University 4 j9 @* h( H; K5 }% t J+ P7 ~& Q/ y& g5 Y1 F
  • Superconductivity Tutorial | Rice University , c' N" K3 ?; c% b % k1 d1 w6 p5 l+ m' P
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  • Superconductivity Tutorial | Los Alamos National Laboratory / i( c s) f$ y- T) ` ( h) t* T O9 X. F7 |
  • UIUC Superconductivity Overview | University of Illinois * R. J% Y: l9 Z4 V: y0 t$ m0 q1 @ 1 C/ G4 i1 _3 V7 y# `' Q: g+ o
  • Theories on Superconductivity | ThinkQuest 5 F1 g" h: S: E8 l2 [4 B 4 [; H+ y, w7 s$ {! w- r
  • Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society ; a$ ], f8 Q$ K: v4 E ~ 6 F) z! L/ { Q+ a+ a2 j; x
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  • Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory | Leiden University - Netherlands 2 v' G3 z* ?* E. E! X& @0 a \5 c& X" S! I( X3 o
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  • Oxford Instruments | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world R- u Q) `- y) y5 e8 O. q! }# i- b. p" E n6 @& l) @
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  • Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp. | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems . n) s7 M. @1 c4 K2 O , f5 }; ]' m% r5 c0 m4 d. \
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  • Microcoating Technologies | Thin-Film Deposition Technology U9 w7 K6 f* v; H+ G3 F, ] & T& k5 t8 V4 Y2 S5 q% T6 \
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  • Superconductive Components Inc. | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets 3 {/ R; N7 V" @$ T! H5 @ , V" s: L" J+ o' |& `
  • ETH Materials | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland * L4 p+ u3 E1 c' a, a " j$ z# c+ E) L# V2 ?
  • Power Superconductor Applications Corp. | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics ( x: i" V) G2 P; V1 O; L - F6 W! X2 K+ l# l
  • Superconductor Materials, Inc. | Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc. I8 D' {% G+ G% s ; f* c( P0 @$ X# K. t$ L
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  • International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia 3 R( I$ i O9 T4 B$ o3 w1 ] : N' |! @0 H' }0 ?
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