超导物理的发展

zzwszj

来自南开bbs:

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发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics 标 题: 超导物理的发展 发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信 # R) E! @$ o) ^* U/ g/ o; T 顾名思义，超导体是指在低温下（一个临界温度，$T_C$，以下）电阻为零的一类导体 。 7 ~0 V" D: X% x1 t! c9 M! o在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后，又接连发现多种金属、 合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此，零电阻（完全导体）成为超导体的第一个 E: |4 C$ A! t$ y1 g标志。 / C% B1 I2 f* G. }# O% m% I第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性，也就是Meissner效应。 / t6 h8 l! u. ]. a _即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中，当温度降低进入超导态时，磁力线也不会存在 于超 - H$ s7 R: \# @# X/ C导体穿透深度（$\lambda$，典型值在500$\AA$左右）以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 ' n0 s0 p, l; }! y& w* {; @界磁场时， 超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看，也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低 ： \begin{equation} 6 X: N2 b' ~+ B3 ^& n: n; b; F{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T) \end{equation} 这里，$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并 ; r0 G5 E' [! q且， % d1 C# l/ ~6 {& S! _( X; G$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述： \begin{equation} ; q& v, f8 j! R, Q# \+ L% x2 K/ O{H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2] ( V3 j( @; N' Y. p2 _\end{equation}

梧桐秋叶

然后那个卡梅隆想起了《阿凡达》人类侵略的动机 哈哈

mathcad7

超导需要在理论方面有所突破，虽然从技术上说已经够用了。

yirongshu

不作

amtf

根据哲学，我猜测有低温超导，也有高温超导。

请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象？有没有这方面的研究报告？

lipu_2003

那么多的乱码，怎么看。内容倒是应该很不错的[em06]

hxo1202

顶！

zzwszj

对呀！

物理偏重于理论研究，材料注重产品的开发！

yqm10507

超导好像与材料学有很大联系

zzwszj

超导常用链接

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Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

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Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery , z+ U$ D" r' A . X: q1 _( n! q" u: P3 W

Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery 8 L6 Z L7 u" e4 s# m

Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin

Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan ! y9 E: ~$ j: E7 u' t) n8 f

Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science + X- i9 i# o( }- w; Z

Figures of Superconductor Molecules | ILL Research Institute - France ( T7 `2 h( Q" l% J t! F " Q( C, O! \( i% A/ D( p0 w

Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK 6 V B: V) M! a; D3 P6 S& A

Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland " C. R7 b; U$ J, j1 x! n6 [ $ Z6 m7 o% v, Q6 u) h4 Y

Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive) 6 ^/ T8 D. y8 \3 | s! Q" c4 H ) _0 c ~ [4 G. `9 ?2 N

Perovskite & Other Structures | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK + N, L+ w. }% V* | 2 Y' c7 ^$ m& ^* ^' X

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Tutorial/Research:

Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University / m$ v" [: q5 k9 z

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Superconductivity Tutorial | Rice University , E% C; B! g" L' I: S$ Z# N$ E% P

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Superconductivity Tutorial | Los Alamos National Laboratory

UIUC Superconductivity Overview | University of Illinois 3 Y4 U% O) Z& j9 [: f o9 z/ S ) T' B7 R5 e- |1 ?

Theories on Superconductivity | ThinkQuest

Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society

General Superconductor Reference Books | Oak Ridge National Laboratory Picks 6 x8 b' y: O1 m

Superconductor Reference Books for Beginners | University of Rome

High School Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity | Oak Ridge National Laboratory - [" K6 }' j& R

Middle School Curriculum Guide to Superconductivity | ORNL/D.O.E. 3 U3 }9 c8 Q5 U- \. C) F5 _

PRG Guide | A Superconductor Industry Market Analysis

US Naval Research Advisory Committee | Superconductor Evaluation 0 O8 V& a5 ?7 p; ]' F

U.S. Department of Energy | Technology Status 3 c8 m9 T9 ?5 X* [/ p# y0 a

NIST Superconducting Materials Database | National Institute of Standards and Technology : d. D0 V; g( f5 c7 m" x9 C

Iowa State High-Tc Searchable Database Archive | Iowa State/Ames Lab - e: `0 ^2 z$ ?# W. N, w4 V

KEIRIN Superconductivity Papers Database | Japan / Z: `; P; |& [' Y. R" F3 T, N/ K 4 J( `- k3 ^: L5 O, { z+ d

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Research Groups and Institutions:

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Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory | Leiden University - Netherlands 3 G; d* l7 S4 b+ ~" g 9 ?# Y3 r# m( z7 r W( J2 H

High-Temperature Superconductivity Research | IBM Corporation 7 d" n9 a0 E* y$ I3 `9 P4 q2 J/ ~

Superconductivity Applications Page | Argonne National Labs 2 `. r G- M$ _+ y2 h' ^ 8 m8 |$ `& q3 @. h% k+ F4 s8 |2 a

High-Tc Superconductivity Page | Universities of Rome and Camerino - Italy / |3 j& l' R# |) f U" z e- v

Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials | CSMM - Singapore 6 O$ P$ x$ S3 w1 A* e' q; E& y

Superconductivity Group at UiO | University of Oslo - Norway . z# o# q4 z/ U* W# _$ i/ R! V; O w

Weizmann Institute of Science | Superconductivity Group - Israel # ]7 v( q" o# }8 p$ {. A6 i N# n; L8 z- ?: u: h! |' W# e& Q1 }

Superconductivity Research Group | Univ. of Cambridge - UK 0 V7 `. P- M5 H! x

Rapid Single-Flux Quantum Laboratory | SUNY - Stony Brook $ v! M7 Z) S C/ ]: n 0 Z t4 k7 k7 F8 [9 V5 ~

Electric Power Research Inst. | Superconductors in Commercial Power Usage 2 B, T/ R5 N; [' E1 I) Z, C8 ^

Midwest Superconductivity Consortium | USA - Q3 g5 t! X7 U, v9 z6 j

The European Network for Superconductivity | SCENET - Italy/Europe 2 ^& f: L$ }6 d3 i/ k$ B

Texas Center for Superconductivity | Univ. of Houston ) b6 K9 s+ t1 i) h' N

Center for Superconductivity Research | University of Maryland $ v# @4 V1 o7 s9 a N$ `! i

SupNet Information Service | Italy/Europe 8 G" B6 A, X: R' W: y , b- T$ j+ S- N5 F. W

The Lemberger Superconductivity Lab | Ohio State Univ.

Superconductor Behavior at High Pressures | Carnegie Institute - Washington 2 N3 I2 k9 H9 @& h4 Y( t) p& s

Superconductivity at Rochester | University of Rochester

Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials | Australia 8 O3 k+ K" u: g- ~

US D.O.E. | Power Applications of Superconductivity in Japan and Germany - u3 {- d1 a% W P+ {

Institute of Cryogenics and Energy Research | UK

NASA's MIDAS Project | Superconductor Behavior in Space

Institute for Superconductivity | University of South Carolina 9 Q$ |& m) Z7 Q1 `, n) s4 N9 g P 9 m9 G5 V. D0 [4 q/ n0 V

Bar-Ilan Institute of Superconductivity | Israel - k9 z! X& F" P7 p8 a. E1 V( g4 Q

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Manufacturers:

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Oxford Instruments | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world 9 i2 F6 l2 Z% L, b# g$ z

BICC General Superconductors | Superconducting Wire and Tape

American Superconductor Corp. | HTS Supplier for the Commercial Power Industry 1 ^( R* ` N, h: g: t

Applied Physics Systems | SQUIDS and Superconducting Magnetometers 5 f4 A( t3 c# }

Cryomagnetics, Inc. | Superconducting Magnets " p: N1 ? J+ i' w. x& H

ARS Associates | Semiconductor Process Equipment and Superconductivity $ N6 c5 H( ^. Q# w7 D

Everson Electric Co. | Superconducting Magnets and Cable-in-conduit 3 R& m: C k& L - ]6 K/ p" {5 n0 L5 G

THEVA | YBCO Thin Film Manufacturers - Germany

Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp. | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems 6 t; c# ~+ t3 W# h) \$ ^! t" P

CSIRO Telecom | Australia 3 L/ S$ A2 U8 l/ B! ^2 B

Microcoating Technologies | Thin-Film Deposition Technology ; a6 O) Q$ [$ k! ]2 R# B/ s; l/ U

Marketech | Marketech International HTSC Products 4 F8 T% O2 W( L" ?/ ^: j4 w2 d

Sumitomo Electric Industries | HTSC Superconducting Wire & Magnets - Japan - f; ]. e2 W( u# h1 E# ~ ) s0 d5 u6 v3 }. k0 b2 l

Hypres | Superconducting Electronics Company 7 \, J z" w1 P" \ w* h9 K5 ? * P7 ~$ _. X" e5 s3 S

Nordic Superconducting Technologies | Superconducting Tape - Denmark 4 a. o' S! j+ o& K4 K9 y4 H " Z! U( a) [: g+ k! f% l7 @3 x

Metal Manufacturers | Australian Superconductors

Pirelli Cable | Superconducting Cables and Wire 5 r5 P; R' o* t- ^' L ) [( H1 ]6 } t

EURUS Technologies, Inc. | EURUS Superconductors $ A c, i5 r9 `& s1 o" m 8 P3 {1 U! K* r- u7 Q, s

Southwire | Superconducting Cable

Superconductive Components Inc. | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets 4 `# t( @& l4 i/ h# I

ETH Materials | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland

Power Superconductor Applications Corp. | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics

Superconductor Materials, Inc. | Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc. ' V; j) b$ X* l

Wintici | High-Temperature Superconductors in the Telecom Marketplace - France . z" P; A7 H# ^% h

Daesung | Superconducting Cable - Korea ( ], j+ | X6 m1 _7 {3 d * T0 k* V2 V' d6 G; a

Ancillary:

VWR Scientific Products | Chemicals, scales, instruments...and lots more

Stanford Materials | High-purity oxides, metals, alloys, ceramics, and sputtering targets ( }5 \, s1 A9 Y9 n2 L

Stigma Ltd. | Rare earth oxides and high-purity materials " B- g) i5 e4 U$ Q. B

Cerac | Specialty Inorganic Chemicals and sputtering targets

Paragon Kilns | The Inexpensive QuickFire 6

Chemicool Periodic Chart | Click here if you don't know a Halogen from an Alkali Metal * S9 {& w" z( j, |% d9 \

The Pictorial Periodic Table | A Periodic Table with links galore

Bob Gibbons Chem-It | A Free Downloadable Periodic Chart Program for Win95/98 % L2 X1 p; T9 ?6 K2 W# H: T

Chemistry Glossary | Thinkquest 8 ?: Y1 Y8 ^. Z$ ]6 l# f6 X/ V

Chemistry Glossary | Curriculum Visions , y5 i7 a+ s7 u$ @

A+ Materials and Science Glossary of Terms | Lehigh University

Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics | University of Exeter : r6 d- k$ w, |2 A% Q" X0 P1 L

Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained | M. I. T.

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Upcoming Conferences:

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8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference | June 19 - 22, 2001, Osaka, Japan

International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia 6 y; g6 |* S4 _- C/ v9 s6 P; U

International Symposium on Superconductivity | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan

Applied Superconductivity Conference | Aug. 4 - 9, 2002, Houston, TX $ I4 V4 ~, O" O- M. b! F, X ! M; t, U; }. a! r

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