超导物理的发展

zzwszj

来自南开bbs:

发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics 标 题: 超导物理的发展 5 C% `2 w: c' J/ |4 F发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信 * d% U. @' v# z6 d顾名思义，超导体是指在低温下（一个临界温度，$T_C$，以下）电阻为零的一类导体 。 在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后，又接连发现多种金属、 2 T; Z }* j$ u7 }+ l合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此，零电阻（完全导体）成为超导体的第一个 标志。 & q& C( u6 T3 l2 j第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性，也就是Meissner效应。 即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中，当温度降低进入超导态时，磁力线也不会存在 F: X8 e* J' W! }, F+ D于超 ) b6 _( r3 \) S" M; k1 }$ S3 g导体穿透深度（$\lambda$，典型值在500$\AA$左右）以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 ( k) X8 @. z% E, z+ x; c+ p界磁场时， 3 i9 n5 A4 L/ C3 v# n超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看，也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低 ： \begin{equation} ; ?! {8 J1 Q4 r& `9 c* p{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T) * Z* B! L1 B) R, Q) T\end{equation} 这里，$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并 且， 6 K/ J9 G8 |2 J7 S$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述： 5 r8 g5 P& ?2 a5 ?+ E: H\begin{equation} M& w0 Z" y% P{H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2] \end{equation}

梧桐秋叶

然后那个卡梅隆想起了《阿凡达》人类侵略的动机 哈哈

mathcad7

超导需要在理论方面有所突破，虽然从技术上说已经够用了。

yirongshu

不作

amtf

根据哲学，我猜测有低温超导，也有高温超导。

请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象？有没有这方面的研究报告？

lipu_2003

那么多的乱码，怎么看。内容倒是应该很不错的[em06]

hxo1202

顶！

zzwszj

对呀！

1 C9 E( k2 Y. ?, A

物理偏重于理论研究，材料注重产品的开发！

yqm10507

超导好像与材料学有很大联系

zzwszj

超导常用链接

Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery 3 j4 j' e8 _/ [9 ^ S/ }7 {: Q9 M$ T % h6 _" O4 M2 z

Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery " ^1 T1 P& N; ?9 H# f0 |; S4 }

Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin $ T% D- W6 N$ u4 \/ f) g

Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan 8 a) p( {, g1 C

Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science

Figures of Superconductor Molecules | ILL Research Institute - France 5 T- H) Q9 [# J) k4 f& y+ J0 j+ v

Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK

Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland 7 i! ]) T! J7 l1 e8 f9 C

Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive) 2 b# ]0 K0 A" w& a

Perovskite & Other Structures | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK . w' ], i2 ]/ L! d % d9 {6 P5 o+ l3 E' B

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Tutorial/Research:

Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University N; C9 B6 \# J

Superconductivity Concepts Link Map | Georgia State University J+ P7 ~& Q/ y& g5 Y1 F

Superconductivity Tutorial | Rice University , c' N" K3 ?; c% b % k1 d1 w6 p5 l+ m' P

Superconductivity & Josephson Junctions | Illinois Inst. of Technology & l7 R% E$ O7 m! V5 S' I 7 `" Y( u7 j# e" Q Q

Superconductivity Tutorial | Los Alamos National Laboratory ( h) t* T O9 X. F7 |

UIUC Superconductivity Overview | University of Illinois 1 C/ G4 i1 _3 V7 y# `' Q: g+ o

Theories on Superconductivity | ThinkQuest 5 F1 g" h: S: E8 l2 [4 B 4 [; H+ y, w7 s$ {! w- r

Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society 6 F) z! L/ { Q+ a+ a2 j; x

General Superconductor Reference Books | Oak Ridge National Laboratory Picks ) s, }& x' \+ i( ~

Superconductor Reference Books for Beginners | University of Rome % G6 `" _: Y# v2 W' o6 E

High School Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity | Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Middle School Curriculum Guide to Superconductivity | ORNL/D.O.E. 8 q* W- \8 j/ s

PRG Guide | A Superconductor Industry Market Analysis 5 P Y! j, {+ s8 U 6 j1 H. E2 o6 ]/ ^# s1 I

US Naval Research Advisory Committee | Superconductor Evaluation

U.S. Department of Energy | Technology Status . u+ z" ^) `0 ` d) \; o

NIST Superconducting Materials Database | National Institute of Standards and Technology ! {# c9 a0 }: A2 ~' a% B" L W9 S$ E 5 H+ |7 U: B; D' ?& m2 O# t

Iowa State High-Tc Searchable Database Archive | Iowa State/Ames Lab ! o0 `! e5 {8 X( K; m6 G z

KEIRIN Superconductivity Papers Database | Japan 4 E* H9 y. o q% \' q. {! O v( |6 M

Ceramic Materials Laboratory | Princeton University

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Research Groups and Institutions:

Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory | Leiden University - Netherlands 2 v' G3 z* ?* E. E! X& @0 a

High-Temperature Superconductivity Research | IBM Corporation

Superconductivity Applications Page | Argonne National Labs ; ?! f3 @$ h2 }6 X/ `8 C9 G 1 w; T- H9 T1 ~- u* K8 M" `

High-Tc Superconductivity Page | Universities of Rome and Camerino - Italy

Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials | CSMM - Singapore + _1 Z1 s1 r1 _5 V% N. a$ [, }

Superconductivity Group at UiO | University of Oslo - Norway 3 {; a, f( I9 l % s5 B0 h& n$ y) v9 j

Weizmann Institute of Science | Superconductivity Group - Israel 4 s: ?( k: t) M* f0 V6 y' ]

Superconductivity Research Group | Univ. of Cambridge - UK 8 r0 y) Z1 N, X( }6 `4 W0 s : ?: s5 Y5 T9 m) b, e {; F

Rapid Single-Flux Quantum Laboratory | SUNY - Stony Brook ; c* e% M# ?3 `% k* f & J. l$ v+ N9 o9 F0 y

Electric Power Research Inst. | Superconductors in Commercial Power Usage , Q! w! T* P" H& G% [% o

Midwest Superconductivity Consortium | USA

The European Network for Superconductivity | SCENET - Italy/Europe

Texas Center for Superconductivity | Univ. of Houston 9 l4 {. J, f& K, M L- h

Center for Superconductivity Research | University of Maryland # S( ~ }3 u% D& ]0 f

SupNet Information Service | Italy/Europe

The Lemberger Superconductivity Lab | Ohio State Univ. 9 y d( n, X8 r8 @; n- }

Superconductor Behavior at High Pressures | Carnegie Institute - Washington - m& s' R1 z& a( ^

Superconductivity at Rochester | University of Rochester 1 k6 y1 m/ c. ?( X- K* t/ z

Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials | Australia 0 s8 N2 [: q1 { ( Q/ ^3 w" x {8 N; y

US D.O.E. | Power Applications of Superconductivity in Japan and Germany + U( g$ V1 i% U p4 U

Institute of Cryogenics and Energy Research | UK 8 P$ Y' u- U$ {* V9 ]1 Q3 C

NASA's MIDAS Project | Superconductor Behavior in Space

Institute for Superconductivity | University of South Carolina & h r& }5 E" A) p y5 N) |/ c

Bar-Ilan Institute of Superconductivity | Israel

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Manufacturers:

Oxford Instruments | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world R- u Q) `- y) y5 e8 O

BICC General Superconductors | Superconducting Wire and Tape $ R7 }* U9 K' C1 R 6 [* z( O K% J+ M/ t' K

American Superconductor Corp. | HTS Supplier for the Commercial Power Industry ; I$ |+ j$ d: Y7 V. o! ^+ p( F

Applied Physics Systems | SQUIDS and Superconducting Magnetometers * K2 p) {( F. q) g! S/ N" n; ~# V

Cryomagnetics, Inc. | Superconducting Magnets 3 h, n7 U; E. g% ` 9 d* e1 `4 y x

ARS Associates | Semiconductor Process Equipment and Superconductivity 8 | S, c2 `9 u2 e! H) R. F5 h . l0 a: X: D1 O) }

Everson Electric Co. | Superconducting Magnets and Cable-in-conduit / o1 c- y+ x! n* u, \ $ |9 P, [+ p% n1 k

THEVA | YBCO Thin Film Manufacturers - Germany 5 A; B0 m# C* b8 f% d9 B2 D1 k/ r

Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp. | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems . n) s7 M. @1 c4 K2 O , f5 }; ]' m% r5 c0 m4 d. \

CSIRO Telecom | Australia 1 f' u4 A7 A+ F9 O7 q6 R9 X; m

Microcoating Technologies | Thin-Film Deposition Technology U9 w7 K6 f* v; H+ G3 F, ] & T& k5 t8 V4 Y2 S5 q% T6 \

Marketech | Marketech International HTSC Products + r0 ~7 Z* k7 k' [; i% t5 m% R/ O( ]

Sumitomo Electric Industries | HTSC Superconducting Wire & Magnets - Japan : p3 m; I' o. M3 \ $ I% l9 D. b, h: W- q! ^5 C

Hypres | Superconducting Electronics Company

Nordic Superconducting Technologies | Superconducting Tape - Denmark 6 [8 I( y) x8 ?! } ; i" d# a2 V3 ^- m/ Y

Metal Manufacturers | Australian Superconductors 2 V. F3 G3 P0 _; F+ u$ u/ Y . h; v8 ^5 J/ Y* D

Pirelli Cable | Superconducting Cables and Wire

EURUS Technologies, Inc. | EURUS Superconductors * Z# U6 J) G9 N 1 Y! g- r6 e- G: q

Southwire | Superconducting Cable 6 |3 P9 N* Z# E- G

Superconductive Components Inc. | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets 3 {/ R; N7 V" @$ T! H5 @ , V" s: L" J+ o' |& `

ETH Materials | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland " j$ z# c+ E) L# V2 ?

Power Superconductor Applications Corp. | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics - F6 W! X2 K+ l# l

Superconductor Materials, Inc. | Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc.

Wintici | High-Temperature Superconductors in the Telecom Marketplace - France 4 a' Q7 K `; w

Daesung | Superconducting Cable - Korea 0 l& @" h- x2 y9 H6 C3 N

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Ancillary:

VWR Scientific Products | Chemicals, scales, instruments...and lots more 1 p9 v+ m7 y& {! b

Stanford Materials | High-purity oxides, metals, alloys, ceramics, and sputtering targets ( p. V* c. K: y' s6 Q0 I0 z2 L / U ] b$ A5 P1 Y7 i

Stigma Ltd. | Rare earth oxides and high-purity materials + l5 R/ U2 d4 J

Cerac | Specialty Inorganic Chemicals and sputtering targets - ]! {8 o8 J) M, K ]

Paragon Kilns | The Inexpensive QuickFire 6 # |2 M8 R; D) J, Q

Chemicool Periodic Chart | Click here if you don't know a Halogen from an Alkali Metal

The Pictorial Periodic Table | A Periodic Table with links galore * X4 }- T$ l7 o4 o ( q% c0 Q* j$ S. C, O4 q8 V7 G. d

Bob Gibbons Chem-It | A Free Downloadable Periodic Chart Program for Win95/98 " [# T0 M; c2 l( E; J' Q$ ~8 c

Chemistry Glossary | Thinkquest

Chemistry Glossary | Curriculum Visions

A+ Materials and Science Glossary of Terms | Lehigh University

Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics | University of Exeter 4 U1 a; X# x' G; ]) M. ^% J' S7 ~ 3 S. }* x5 c7 m1 ?% V

Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained | M. I. T. + z6 `! k: J2 g' K & {) ^& E3 d4 ?: W* o. v( x+ r

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Upcoming Conferences:

8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference | June 19 - 22, 2001, Osaka, Japan

International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia

International Symposium on Superconductivity | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan G( n! v% l% K' I4 n

Applied Superconductivity Conference | Aug. 4 - 9, 2002, Houston, TX & R9 t7 D" L6 r8 G, l7 D9 h " o1 D8 h: w S0 a* F

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