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超导物理的发展

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发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics1 k/ D0 ~: M% E# s6 Q. G5 I+ b 标 题: 超导物理的发展8 w7 X/ y2 m+ o3 ~) Q' @7 q( W 发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信 , k. k3 E, m6 K" y9 S' }5 i . x5 B+ A' q6 k0 J7 [顾名思义,超导体是指在低温下(一个临界温度,$T_C$,以下)电阻为零的一类导体# G, ?& s: t5 a) K. H% z. ?9 a$ ~& r8 V# \在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后,又接连发现多种金属、( w4 X [1 K' e/ I# [# j 合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此,零电阻(完全导体)成为超导体的第一个 6 ?% K; T% R5 V+ P/ K: V5 h标志。 6 T m' w- n& i8 L( I+ s; K1 V第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性,也就是Meissner效应。 ) B4 {7 A9 M, O5 {; ]即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中,当温度降低进入超导态时,磁力线也不会存在9 q# ~: ] ?& C) X% J5 F 于超& A+ G1 T: K5 L7 R- q+ h/ n3 C/ z 导体穿透深度($\lambda$,典型值在500$\AA$左右)以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 # V$ T* f- I( P1 `4 D界磁场时, 1 }7 ?) q: a+ n+ o- a超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看,也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低3 l8 x. \/ J! c% x |# L: Y4 n9 P- g\begin{equation} 0 L8 m4 L4 e! r, ]$ x8 l{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T)8 M7 O# m/ V* `. d \end{equation}, U6 ^. O" m4 p: @& Z7 f3 s 这里,$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并 }9 J/ ?' {; W7 r且, ! L" Z7 p/ s# M4 x. p0 ?( V$ r$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述: " o& M4 C5 v1 Z( `; H$ M\begin{equation}' t# |4 E7 Z) l4 z4 b2 k2 a' e0 D {H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2] 4 B9 g. c( g% X; {6 \ A( ?! B\end{equation}

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    根据哲学,我猜测有低温超导,也有高温超导。

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    请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象?有没有这方面的研究报告?

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    超导常用链接

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    Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

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  • Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery * ~& A/ `4 P7 f6 \! F5 i! j3 |* i$ S! g
  • Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery 7 T7 T' c g6 }) _- k: o 9 V- K/ a7 j, m' ?4 \( V( \% |
  • Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin 6 e3 b) d* E, F% c, ?3 ?- Q$ N- Z5 f# }0 o
  • Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan # s( `/ A1 ]/ p # ~8 b1 u* N4 F7 G! L' p3 ~2 F
  • Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science ( I8 B2 x9 G* l+ e! }$ Z- C # `& A' @1 t! p5 z! a* K: ^
  • Figures of Superconductor Molecules | ILL Research Institute - France " i0 {% J+ G% y; u2 c: w # b; \9 P5 V) [( a# r9 e/ k2 b# e6 B& o% P
  • Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK % ~+ `9 m0 M, G6 s: N # R8 O. ~9 X, i/ C1 r
  • Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland " i8 _# y4 [4 ]2 D 5 g. K7 D t+ R6 |7 N G
  • Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive) 6 |1 k; y# S# X# { R. A+ _ ) b1 V/ t& D- w* E% Y: u
  • Perovskite & Other Structures | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK 2 Y0 @+ K6 D6 r2 ~* A% Y3 L3 X- M O
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  • Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University / O; }% j0 o4 o- d8 f& r. V 2 q% M& v: ^( E5 @2 l+ U" w {( g
  • Superconductivity Concepts Link Map | Georgia State University % E/ P' M+ Z! h3 X* u$ k + ~9 X6 n8 `- U6 z7 ]( Q
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  • Superconductivity & Josephson Junctions | Illinois Inst. of Technology . v# Q" s! t1 N b2 }6 B+ t3 T% v3 S6 j, C
  • Superconductivity Tutorial | Los Alamos National Laboratory 4 Z+ D d% z# q6 p; ^ 4 M6 c g5 |! b
  • UIUC Superconductivity Overview | University of Illinois 8 u- p/ B ^$ n, g; g0 m% r( D4 |1 h1 H
  • Theories on Superconductivity | ThinkQuest $ N' a8 P9 o/ P , I# }/ k$ ~9 Y: m- U6 z! @
  • Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society G0 l+ B2 }. a# i 1 f6 A5 | I8 k7 J2 O, v) f
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  • Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics | University of Exeter # R8 Q9 h) S7 N7 p: j 4 L8 }$ }7 u& ^3 f: I5 m, e( M
  • Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained | M. I. T. i% w ?7 ?5 R1 ]* E; N, ]
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    Upcoming Conferences:

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  • International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia ! a2 ?$ x9 e5 [0 i3 H* c' |9 b6 O6 m0 |, U) W: C
  • International Symposium on Superconductivity | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan 5 k( r9 [! ^* b# u* Q7 `3 m0 [! d& Z/ M! m; f2 A- Z1 {
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