超导物理的发展

zzwszj

来自南开bbs:

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发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics 标 题: 超导物理的发展 & Q# M- P% z! L( W发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信 顾名思义，超导体是指在低温下（一个临界温度，$T_C$，以下）电阻为零的一类导体 O5 \0 ?/ I$ Z5 Q* A7 i。 在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后，又接连发现多种金属、 合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此，零电阻（完全导体）成为超导体的第一个 标志。 & a- |+ h8 k z第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性，也就是Meissner效应。 即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中，当温度降低进入超导态时，磁力线也不会存在 于超 导体穿透深度（$\lambda$，典型值在500$\AA$左右）以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 + \) B% o# B. z* Y G$ s界磁场时， 超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看，也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低 , F8 X8 \; u$ D \0 C： + V( `1 f* M/ Z! Y% m- I) B9 h* @/ G\begin{equation} 7 s" u" }) |' r{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T) : h. }0 d) J5 D\end{equation} 这里，$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并 且， ]5 X# F0 U# `% C$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述： - C' `7 R& K# R\begin{equation} ! E3 i- q1 R6 [! ~9 A) i3 c! z{H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2] \end{equation}

梧桐秋叶

然后那个卡梅隆想起了《阿凡达》人类侵略的动机 哈哈

mathcad7

超导需要在理论方面有所突破，虽然从技术上说已经够用了。

yirongshu

不作

amtf

根据哲学，我猜测有低温超导，也有高温超导。

请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象？有没有这方面的研究报告？

lipu_2003

那么多的乱码，怎么看。内容倒是应该很不错的[em06]

hxo1202

顶！

zzwszj

对呀！

物理偏重于理论研究，材料注重产品的开发！

yqm10507

超导好像与材料学有很大联系

zzwszj

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超导常用链接

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Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery ; J1 X) ?: e/ B) `% T- |3 G1 t

Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery Z; Y+ m2 ]* Z. W

Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin 9 i8 W" c. v% x( K ) m, c8 t) u/ H( f9 m

Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan ) j E# N/ c: ?+ A9 c

Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science ) w8 J+ Y' |9 q

Figures of Superconductor Molecules | ILL Research Institute - France

Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK 1 [! U4 J; |+ F

Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland $ S7 y* j- |1 O+ B

Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive) & S2 Y- `% K/ y7 o% Q

Perovskite & Other Structures | University of Oxford (slow - graphics intensive) - UK : t( q% p; b# t% j + G A* |" X6 ?) _3 L

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Tutorial/Research:

Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University # y$ G6 y" e8 f

Superconductivity Concepts Link Map | Georgia State University ! ~9 o) a7 X' a. H& P- E. X K

Superconductivity Tutorial | Rice University Q, [5 X" ~# |/ b: t; c2 _ ) _% r7 x' b& R6 A

Superconductivity & Josephson Junctions | Illinois Inst. of Technology

Superconductivity Tutorial | Los Alamos National Laboratory : j& H7 d }2 }' f; X

UIUC Superconductivity Overview | University of Illinois " R) b4 A* F- l0 |/ n. t4 ^' Y 1 A% x7 a3 x. l

Theories on Superconductivity | ThinkQuest

Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society , p* x% e9 }& s, w G4 p 8 A/ ]1 E0 y( O- d4 d

General Superconductor Reference Books | Oak Ridge National Laboratory Picks

Superconductor Reference Books for Beginners | University of Rome ! q# C( u+ }" u

High School Teacher's Guide to Superconductivity | Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Middle School Curriculum Guide to Superconductivity | ORNL/D.O.E. - V) C: _& U. f% \

PRG Guide | A Superconductor Industry Market Analysis ) V; E, o o( j% i# A5 X

US Naval Research Advisory Committee | Superconductor Evaluation # d9 A: F+ c" E: Q

U.S. Department of Energy | Technology Status

NIST Superconducting Materials Database | National Institute of Standards and Technology / ?/ F1 {1 h1 V7 S5 K

Iowa State High-Tc Searchable Database Archive | Iowa State/Ames Lab 2 d! e: i. ~- ?

KEIRIN Superconductivity Papers Database | Japan % N# m6 A, N1 |( ^. B+ z

Ceramic Materials Laboratory | Princeton University

U.S. and European Patents | Refined Search 6 {. d' v& E' C* q! k4 S

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Research Groups and Institutions:

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Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory | Leiden University - Netherlands

High-Temperature Superconductivity Research | IBM Corporation % y7 y+ f0 r8 i" c : b d9 W6 L; r: k; ~4 D# {

Superconductivity Applications Page | Argonne National Labs ; S3 G2 S& @ G% {

High-Tc Superconductivity Page | Universities of Rome and Camerino - Italy

Center for Superconducting and Magnetic Materials | CSMM - Singapore k8 N, o5 u% r4 a! t

Superconductivity Group at UiO | University of Oslo - Norway , ]9 R+ Y' }" r

Weizmann Institute of Science | Superconductivity Group - Israel 4 u* k" `& q9 |, c1 ^8 V/ `: X# t

Superconductivity Research Group | Univ. of Cambridge - UK # w" C8 Q- N8 }$ [/ O" {2 M0 W

Rapid Single-Flux Quantum Laboratory | SUNY - Stony Brook 5 z2 {! ?: G; W1 N 3 G& ^6 H$ a- A! N( c/ c: L* h2 V; r

Electric Power Research Inst. | Superconductors in Commercial Power Usage ; B. ~* G0 F" b$ x( s8 {* {: U 8 l' g3 @, I; Y! t; `" R

Midwest Superconductivity Consortium | USA

The European Network for Superconductivity | SCENET - Italy/Europe ( N \( P) N) x7 Z* u3 _& M: ~ # q7 H! V+ O% f- h2 D: c" ?5 \

Texas Center for Superconductivity | Univ. of Houston 7 _" C6 O6 O, Y$ @; J + s# u8 G4 v! W$ x% h5 i; J. |0 }

Center for Superconductivity Research | University of Maryland ) {! W6 m: |+ x$ v

SupNet Information Service | Italy/Europe : \" M: q. |" d8 F

The Lemberger Superconductivity Lab | Ohio State Univ. ) Z! V& D/ L. i) Y$ z) E0 X5 G# B + L8 t/ g ^0 q5 w( u

Superconductor Behavior at High Pressures | Carnegie Institute - Washington 7 b9 O/ q/ ]0 B 3 } w0 W# @( j8 A: G; F. H2 z

Superconductivity at Rochester | University of Rochester # J4 C4 {( R/ z( M

Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials | Australia

US D.O.E. | Power Applications of Superconductivity in Japan and Germany ?; I L- O/ `8 Y6 z% _ 5 d, e6 i% O! Z0 `! m

Institute of Cryogenics and Energy Research | UK ) w. s) T' z" [: B! Z

NASA's MIDAS Project | Superconductor Behavior in Space : z# V5 B0 |+ f* [7 K

Institute for Superconductivity | University of South Carolina 7 p3 r' x8 D7 \

Bar-Ilan Institute of Superconductivity | Israel . ?/ s4 F6 f% T4 |7 @/ _+ N

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Manufacturers:

Oxford Instruments | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world . a# W5 g4 E! O- J- K' g5 d. {( N

BICC General Superconductors | Superconducting Wire and Tape * d5 `. c6 K4 x; `+ F( i y

American Superconductor Corp. | HTS Supplier for the Commercial Power Industry

Applied Physics Systems | SQUIDS and Superconducting Magnetometers

Cryomagnetics, Inc. | Superconducting Magnets

ARS Associates | Semiconductor Process Equipment and Superconductivity 8 R4 V% h4 I8 F Q" j! ]

Everson Electric Co. | Superconducting Magnets and Cable-in-conduit . w) ?9 p. L- B& M0 s3 O

THEVA | YBCO Thin Film Manufacturers - Germany

Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp. | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems 2 H. l: V! f* n

CSIRO Telecom | Australia + G8 r# a% `3 w5 c # ?( ^1 x2 l( X- s- j* V6 f

Microcoating Technologies | Thin-Film Deposition Technology ! i: A7 K, P. p2 i0 Z* z

Marketech | Marketech International HTSC Products % c _1 g. [+ Z/ V% U l ; U0 S! E* F# l& v/ _

Sumitomo Electric Industries | HTSC Superconducting Wire & Magnets - Japan

Hypres | Superconducting Electronics Company 4 G u* r* T: T 5 Y: o8 N( l1 f) W: s

Nordic Superconducting Technologies | Superconducting Tape - Denmark 3 n* K0 b& ?6 z) e: M

Metal Manufacturers | Australian Superconductors

Pirelli Cable | Superconducting Cables and Wire & B3 a$ D$ Q: W% |4 O ) }! J. @! t+ F" z6 E! Q" v$ _' o

EURUS Technologies, Inc. | EURUS Superconductors & d6 N) k* w$ F 4 r, h+ O# W, s% l

Southwire | Superconducting Cable 8 r1 e. ^8 H! y0 M# s$ q

Superconductive Components Inc. | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets " Z8 a1 b3 A3 P

ETH Materials | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland 7 v6 g5 ^# `* M9 m' f) _

Power Superconductor Applications Corp. | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics

Superconductor Materials, Inc. | Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc. % Z. J% M( n. j4 j

Wintici | High-Temperature Superconductors in the Telecom Marketplace - France " D. E# n! @, B' R 5 t7 `& ^6 ~5 X6 T' g1 D* v0 \

Daesung | Superconducting Cable - Korea 7 W& E+ f& ?" ~" Q# ]

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Ancillary:

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VWR Scientific Products | Chemicals, scales, instruments...and lots more

Stanford Materials | High-purity oxides, metals, alloys, ceramics, and sputtering targets / a: ]3 r5 m6 E8 D9 G$ E* ~ . n; ^4 g) N- h* M2 W

Stigma Ltd. | Rare earth oxides and high-purity materials ) a" P0 H1 r/ A9 A. X

Cerac | Specialty Inorganic Chemicals and sputtering targets

Paragon Kilns | The Inexpensive QuickFire 6 2 q0 G4 U- \9 a4 G6 E& j/ F

Chemicool Periodic Chart | Click here if you don't know a Halogen from an Alkali Metal ) B& k1 c( c0 U2 Z. I

The Pictorial Periodic Table | A Periodic Table with links galore & [+ f# z/ a* E5 w* {% i : ^8 J& S) }( H: b# X; t* r

Bob Gibbons Chem-It | A Free Downloadable Periodic Chart Program for Win95/98 " f: z0 }5 c/ d! f! B/ Z

Chemistry Glossary | Thinkquest

Chemistry Glossary | Curriculum Visions ! k% R4 v6 {: V9 I* v& V/ M. e7 H/ s1 j) w

A+ Materials and Science Glossary of Terms | Lehigh University

Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics | University of Exeter u. \' a$ [1 c

Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained | M. I. T.

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Upcoming Conferences:

8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference | June 19 - 22, 2001, Osaka, Japan

International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia : P5 P) U; q D; V

International Symposium on Superconductivity | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan

Applied Superconductivity Conference | Aug. 4 - 9, 2002, Houston, TX * j, G) e7 k9 `6 E# Z

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Translation Services:

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Alta-Vista Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o 4 m6 S `2 K L; w$ m/ _# ~ - ?/ ?! C2 V$ |: P" z e2 I

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Dictionary.COM Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o 0 \2 E- Q$ U8 C: |4 z" ]

YUPI Translation; Traducci髇; 躡ersetzung; traduction; tradu玢o + o. v9 \3 X: ~; R: M) |4 c* Z+ B # _& U% o7 b1 a2 [% s5 f

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