超导物理的发展

zzwszj

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发信人: Solo (solo~~戴着枷锁跳舞), 信区: Physics 标 题: 超导物理的发展 发信站: 异域桃源 (Thu Jan 31 21:58:35 2002), 转信 , k. k3 E, m6 K" y9 S' }5 i . x5 B+ A' q6 k0 J7 [顾名思义，超导体是指在低温下（一个临界温度，$T_C$，以下）电阻为零的一类导体 。 % z. ?9 a$ ~& r8 V# \在Kamerlingh Onnes发现Hg的超导电性之后，又接连发现多种金属、 合金在低温下都有这种超导现象产生。因此，零电阻（完全导体）成为超导体的第一个 6 ?% K; T% R5 V+ P/ K: V5 h标志。 6 T m' w- n& i8 L( I+ s; K1 V第二个被发现的特征标志是超导体的完全抗磁性，也就是Meissner效应。 ) B4 {7 A9 M, O5 {; ]即使超导体在正常态时就处于磁场之中，当温度降低进入超导态时，磁力线也不会存在 于超 导体穿透深度（$\lambda$，典型值在500$\AA$左右）以内的部分。如果磁场大于一个临 # V$ T* f- I( P1 `4 D界磁场时， 1 }7 ?) q: a+ n+ o- a超导态就被破坏。从热力学的角度来看，也就是超导态的自由能比正常态的自由能要低 ： # L: Y4 n9 P- g\begin{equation} 0 L8 m4 L4 e! r, ]$ x8 l{{H_C}^2(T) \over {8 \pi}} = f_n(T)-f_s(T) \end{equation} 这里，$f_n$和$f_s$分别是零场下的正常态、超导态的单位体积的Helmholtz自由能。并 }9 J/ ?' {; W7 r且， ! L" Z7 p/ s# M4 x. p0 ?( V$ r$H_C(T)$与温度的关系可以用一个二次函数的经验公式来表述： " o& M4 C5 v1 Z( `; H$ M\begin{equation} {H_C}(T) \approx H_C(0)[1-(T/T_C)^2] 4 B9 g. c( g% X; {6 \ A( ?! B\end{equation}

梧桐秋叶

然后那个卡梅隆想起了《阿凡达》人类侵略的动机 哈哈

mathcad7

超导需要在理论方面有所突破，虽然从技术上说已经够用了。

yirongshu

不作

amtf

根据哲学，我猜测有低温超导，也有高温超导。

请问高温状态下有没有类似的现象？有没有这方面的研究报告？

lipu_2003

那么多的乱码，怎么看。内容倒是应该很不错的[em06]

hxo1202

顶！

zzwszj

对呀！

物理偏重于理论研究，材料注重产品的开发！

yqm10507

超导好像与材料学有很大联系

zzwszj

超导常用链接

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Pictures/Graphics/Animations:

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Micro-photographs of Superconducting Materials | FSU Gallery * ~& A/ `4 P7 f

Micro-photographs of Flux Lattices | Bell Labs Gallery 9 V- K/ a7 j, m' ?4 \( V( \% |

Superconductor Animations and 3-D Figures | University of Texas at Austin 6 e3 b) d* E, F% c

Stripes and Vortices in Motion | University of Michigan # s( `/ A1 ]/ p # ~8 b1 u* N4 F7 G! L' p3 ~2 F

Perovskite Structures | Center for Computational Materials Science ( I8 B2 x9 G* l+ e! }$ Z- C # `& A' @1 t! p5 z! a* K: ^

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Crystal Atomic Lattice Viewer | University of Leicester - UK # R8 O. ~9 X, i/ C1 r

Type 2 Vortex Twisters | IGA Nanomechanics - Switzerland 5 g. K7 D t+ R6 |7 N G

Scanning Squid Images | IBM Research (slow - graphics intensive)

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Tutorial/Research:

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Superconductivity In Its Simplest Form | Oxford University

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Oxide Superconductors Tutorial | by Bob Cava of Princeton University for the American Ceramic Society G0 l+ B2 }. a# i 1 f6 A5 | I8 k7 J2 O, v) f

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Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory | Leiden University - Netherlands

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Superconductivity at Rochester | University of Rochester ' N& a/ P3 E8 j( J0 e0 U0 y( X: l J9 T

Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials | Australia % \+ t9 f* B2 L- g. Q . I3 o9 \: m7 Z1 G

US D.O.E. | Power Applications of Superconductivity in Japan and Germany % b c+ r7 w R2 I( F1 u7 f

Institute of Cryogenics and Energy Research | UK 0 J8 t$ r3 @1 \8 j# Y) r" I

NASA's MIDAS Project | Superconductor Behavior in Space 3 t4 t' v& o; L+ ^# i

Institute for Superconductivity | University of South Carolina

Bar-Ilan Institute of Superconductivity | Israel 1 E& a) s$ P8 y. j

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Manufacturers:

Oxford Instruments | The largest manufacturer of superconductors in the world 6 z" ]. y, E% I8 x j, T3 b# L: D

BICC General Superconductors | Superconducting Wire and Tape / j$ q! | n% K& h. F

American Superconductor Corp. | HTS Supplier for the Commercial Power Industry 4 @% q5 x& k6 Y8 K( g. X

Applied Physics Systems | SQUIDS and Superconducting Magnetometers + l. v* C' {# p+ C6 c , t7 w. E- O8 O# X. ?

Cryomagnetics, Inc. | Superconducting Magnets

ARS Associates | Semiconductor Process Equipment and Superconductivity 2 @7 L* A: I- H3 J5 G/ M

Everson Electric Co. | Superconducting Magnets and Cable-in-conduit " _3 r) _# T& `. i8 `% e( m

THEVA | YBCO Thin Film Manufacturers - Germany

Cryogenic Electronic Systems Corp. | SQUID-based Magnetocardiography Systems 4 _: Z6 b. W7 D' F0 T

CSIRO Telecom | Australia 2 z1 Y" t& S# W4 ^* o A % Q* P1 }; N+ t

Microcoating Technologies | Thin-Film Deposition Technology

Marketech | Marketech International HTSC Products % t: J$ r6 G/ ~8 ~4 o- S2 q ) N1 j# ~1 a" }9 b

Sumitomo Electric Industries | HTSC Superconducting Wire & Magnets - Japan

Hypres | Superconducting Electronics Company / i9 K! ~ m; P ! @' X0 W# ~6 A! N, d7 a

Nordic Superconducting Technologies | Superconducting Tape - Denmark / j X5 e9 b' K5 ?' t

Metal Manufacturers | Australian Superconductors $ t, S# ~5 B9 L7 U6 O/ I" W

Pirelli Cable | Superconducting Cables and Wire / C- [. [. S9 \# @" K) w/ J

EURUS Technologies, Inc. | EURUS Superconductors 2 {% D8 U. D& g- {* p }. B: `

Southwire | Superconducting Cable ! u# S8 [# D& r- s/ T0 D # F6 |& e) e) ?. Q

Superconductive Components Inc. | High-Tc Powders and Sputtering Targets 7 \" u& V) E6 b6 s. u) { * z. ~$ b+ X# a" u1 h

ETH Materials | HTSC in Power Applications - Switzerland & R2 J& D' z3 K4 t7 F

Power Superconductor Applications Corp. | Applied Cryogenics and Power Electronics & c$ z' ]# i) Q5 g9 \. X8 W

Superconductor Materials, Inc. | Sputtering Targets, Evaporation Materials, Etc.

Wintici | High-Temperature Superconductors in the Telecom Marketplace - France # N) u4 E7 s L; k

Daesung | Superconducting Cable - Korea : f! |) J' ?1 ]! P- ^ : Q/ B2 ?+ F0 ?$ J' [# z ; U/ P6 S f! M+ b

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Ancillary:

VWR Scientific Products | Chemicals, scales, instruments...and lots more 6 F% R9 R+ [9 B* G 9 L, K5 M: I0 y7 v

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Stigma Ltd. | Rare earth oxides and high-purity materials % [- w' m1 Z# G2 }0 D

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Paragon Kilns | The Inexpensive QuickFire 6 5 `' D4 o9 K; O/ F* b$ |: u; T

Chemicool Periodic Chart | Click here if you don't know a Halogen from an Alkali Metal * e1 `, y Z; m$ r o2 v* f

The Pictorial Periodic Table | A Periodic Table with links galore 7 r+ r; m1 j0 ^ t; x& ? . G) M! S, W9 m% @. I; p+ P

Bob Gibbons Chem-It | A Free Downloadable Periodic Chart Program for Win95/98 ( G- W9 S1 y; T ? A; j' _

Chemistry Glossary | Thinkquest " _; C' E6 G) a& D: l1 s% c. v

Chemistry Glossary | Curriculum Visions ) l9 s# k9 T& Y' Y * W$ X, U3 S( f

A+ Materials and Science Glossary of Terms | Lehigh University

Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics | University of Exeter # R8 Q9 h) S7 N7 p: j 4 L8 }$ }7 u& ^3 f: I5 m, e( M

Bose-Einstein Condensation Explained | M. I. T.

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Upcoming Conferences:

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8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference | June 19 - 22, 2001, Osaka, Japan * p/ V! A% D3 z) g! P ' N; ]1 D. h# r1 p8 Q. D. o

International Workshop on High Temperature Superconductors | June 24 - 30, 2001, Moscow, Russia ! a2 ?$ x9 e5 [0 i3 H* c' |

International Symposium on Superconductivity | Sept. 25 - 27, 2001, Kobe, Japan 5 k( r9 [! ^* b# u* Q7 `3 m0 [! d

Applied Superconductivity Conference | Aug. 4 - 9, 2002, Houston, TX : Z" [$ p0 O' e$ C M ) G6 z% I! k6 ~5 m1 S4 }9 s, |* \

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