【全集】2007 MCM B 飞机就座问题 特等奖论文 教程

wangfanglin

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nostal1

Loading an Airliner Is Rocket Science
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" q5 }4 B" V4 |% J. q9 i' ?  Y By PAUL BURNHAM FINNEY
  W6 P1 _- H8 X) u! z3 nPublished: November 14, 2006
Airlines have been boarding passengers for decades, long enough, it would seem, to have figured out the best way to get people on and off a plane. But they haven’t.
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, N- |6 \2 g6 J: TNow Boarding. Listen Carefully.
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Seating, Rows... Spurred by financial pressures and packed planes — often 80 to 90 percent full — airlines have come up with a wide variation of boarding techniques, from the ** back-to-front protocol to one of the most complicated strategies, known as the reverse pyramid system, that US Airways has adopted. In September, JetBlue told customers they could be seated first if they booked Rows 20 to 26, the very back of the plane.
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Minimizing time on the ground, especially on shorter flights that use single-aisle aircraft, means the planes can get back in the air faster so they can make money. Even a few extra minutes on the ground can throw off the day’s schedule.
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$ m6 i! |' `; v. a# ]) \“The advantage of a fast turnaround is not cutting costs but generating revenue,” said David Swierenga, an economist and president of AeroEcon, an aviation consultancy. “If you save time with each turn of, say, seven flights, you may be able to schedule an eighth flight.”

' c2 ]4 U' G. W+ N3 {5 B& ?8 q0 ]Richard Aboulafia, an analyst at the Teal Group, an aviation industry consultant, said the time savings on transcontinental flights do not make much difference. “But if it’s Baltimore to Islip on Long Island, it matters.”
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The basic back-to-front procedure is probably the most familiar, and it is still used by many airlines, including Air Canada, Alaska, American, British Airways, Continental, Frontier, Midwest, Spirit and Virgin Atlantic. (Nearly all airlines allow first-class or business-class passengers, and those with special needs, to board first.)
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  Y& e1 C5 O. n5 f! P& j2 U/ ^' L& I; dMathematicians would revel in the intricacies of the new boarding techniques. There is the outside-in technique, nicknamed Wilma, for window first, then middle and then aisle, a technique favored by Delta and United. And there is the sort of nonsystem system pioneered by Southwest Airlines in which passengers board in the order they arrive, with no assigned seats.
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Among the reformers, US Airways can lay claim to one of the most complex procedures. It is basically Wilma, with seats filled in a pattern as intricate as a microchip’s circuitry: rear window and middle first, front window and middle next, followed by rear aisle, then front aisle. The airline calls it the reverse pyramid system, but it might be better described as a V-shaped sequence that operates by zones.
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  o1 D: z, [- m% q1 \# CUS Airways inherited that system from its newly merged partner, America West, which devised it back in 2002 with the help of an industrial engineering team at Arizona State University. Aided by photos taken at Los Angeles International Airport, the researchers created mathematical models and simulations using “pixels as people,” as a team member, Menkes van den Briel, puts it.

US Airways now uses the procedure on about half of its Airbus A320 and Boeing 757 jets and plans to finish the conversion next year. The goal, as the Arizona State team’s report defines it, is “to minimize the total expected number of seat and aisle interferences.” So far, the system has cut US Airways’ turnaround time by two to five minutes, said a spokeswoman, Valerie Wunder.

AirTran Airways, a discount carrier, uses a **r variation. “We divide the plane into six different sections in a rotating zone system,” a spokeswoman, Judy Graham-Weaver, said. Business class fills up first, along with special-needs passengers. Then the airline begins the seating sequence with the back five rows called first, the front five behind business class second, the next back five rows third — continuing until the rows meet in the middle.
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- G2 {' T$ f$ NWhat is the advantage? One zone is stowing bags while the next zone some distance away is getting settled — and the zones tend not to interfere with one another, Ms. Graham-Weaver said.

/ D" |% w/ M* a/ p6 U5 bThe variable that keeps upsetting the airline industry’s careful planning is the unpredictability of human behavior. The industry calls it “interference,” and it means time-killing activities like elderly passengers perching on armrests to stuff a bag into the overhead bin.

“The unexpected behavior of passengers can lead you to chaos theory for an explanation,” Mr. Aboulafia said. “That’s when random events set off a sequence of unpredictable actions and your best-laid plans go out the window.” But some boarding experts note that people have an innate capacity to “self-organize” and keep out of each other’s way.
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Because behavior is so hard to predict, some argue that changing boarding procedures is less effective than other tactics, like limiting carry-on baggage.
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: |, i" J0 w& I; k7 j“To simplify and improve boarding, the only way is to limit the amount of carry-on baggage,” said Patricia A. Friend, president of the Association of Flight Attendants. “As long as people hold up the boarding process — stowing as much as they can get away with — it’s going to be slow boarding and even slower deplaning.”

/ p. p' ?% h, \" ]2 @8 l, zThe recent security crackdown that tightened limits on carry-on luggage serendipitously proved her point. Some airlines said boarding had become noticeably easier because many carry-ons ended up as checked baggage.
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Perhaps the **st approach is the open seating plan famously practiced by Southwest Airlines since its earliest days in 1971. It may seem slightly quaint next to its more elaborate cousins, but it has helped make Southwest a turnaround champion that claims to take only 25 minutes on average to unload, clean and reload its 137-passenger Boeing 737s.
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