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发表于 2004-10-4 02:55 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

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<

>函数名: sbrk 
功能: 改变数据段空间位置
用法: char *sbrk(int incr);
程序例: 
<

>#include <STDIO.H>
#include <ALLOC.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
printf("Changing allocation with sbrk()\n");
printf("Before sbrk() call: %lu bytes free\n",
(unsigned long) coreleft());
sbrk(1000);
printf(" After sbrk() call: %lu bytes free\n",
(unsigned long) coreleft());
return 0;
}


<

>函数名: scanf 
功能: 执行格式化输入
用法: int scanf(char *format[,argument,...]);
程序例: 
<

>#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
char label[20];
char name[20];
int entries = 0;
int loop, age;
double salary; 
<

>struct Entry_struct
{
char name[20];
int age;
float salary;
} entry[20]; 
<

>/* Input a label as a string of characters restricting to 20 characters */
printf("\n\nPlease enter a label for the chart: ");
scanf("%20s", label);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 
<

>/* Input number of entries as an integer */
printf("How many entries will there be? (less than 20) ");
scanf("%d", &entries);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 
<

>/* input a name restricting input to only letters upper or lower case */
for (loop=0;loop<ENTRIES;++LOOP)
{
printf("Entry %d\n", loop);
printf(" Name : ");
scanf("%[A-Za-z]", entry[loop].name);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 
<

>/* input an age as an integer */
printf(" Age : ");
scanf("%d", &entry[loop].age);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 
<

>/* input a salary as a float */
printf(" Salary : ");
scanf("%f", &entry[loop].salary);
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
} 
<

>/* Input a name, age and salary as a string, integer, and double */
printf("\nPlease enter your name, age and salary\n");
scanf("%20s %d %lf", name, &age, &salary);

<

>/* Print out the data that was input */
printf("\n\nTable %s\n",label);
printf("Compiled by %s age %d $%15.2lf\n", name, age, salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
for (loop=0;loop<ENTRIES;++LOOP)
printf("%4d | %-20s | %5d | %15.2lf\n",
loop + 1,
entry[loop].name,
entry[loop].age,
entry[loop].salary);
printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
return 0;
}


<

>函数名: searchpath 
功能: 搜索DOS路径
用法: char *searchpath(char *filename);
程序例: 
<

>#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DIR.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
char *p; 
<

>/* Looks for TLINK and returns a pointer
to the path */
p = searchpath("TLINK.EXE");
printf("Search for TLINK.EXE : %s\n", p); 
<

>/* Looks for non-existent file */
p = searchpath("NOTEXIST.FIL");
printf("Search for NOTEXIST.FIL : %s\n", p); 
<

>return 0;
}


<

>函数名: sector 
功能: 画并填充椭圆扇区
用法: void far sector(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle);
程序例: 
<

>#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
<

>int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;
int xrad = 100, yrad = 50; 
<

>/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
<

>/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("

ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
<

>midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
<

>/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; {
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor()); 
<

>/* draw the sector slice */
sector(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, xrad, yrad); 
<

>getch();
} 
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}

函数名: segread 
功能: 读段寄存器值
用法: void segread(struct SREGS *segtbl);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DOS.H>
int main(void)
{
struct SREGS segs; 
segread(&segs);
printf("Current segment register settings\n\n");
printf("CS: %X DS: %X\n", segs.cs, segs.ds);
printf("ES: %X SS: %X\n", segs.es, segs.ss); 
return 0;
} 


函数名: setactivepage 
功能: 设置图形输出活动页
用法: void far setactivepage(int pagenum);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple pages. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int x, y, ht; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;
ht = textheight("W"); 
/* select the off screen page for drawing */
setactivepage(1); 
/* draw a line on page #1 */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy()); 
/* output a message on page #1 */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:"); 
/* select drawing to page #0 */
setactivepage(0); 
/* output a message on page #0 */
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:");
getch(); 
/* select page #1 as the visible page */
setvisualpage(1); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setallpallette 
功能: 按指定方式改变所有的调色板颜色
用法: void far setallpallette(struct palette, far *pallette);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
int color, maxcolor, ht;
int y = 10;
char msg[80]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
ht = 2 * textheight("W"); 
/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal); 
/* display the default palette colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setcolor(color);
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
y += ht;
} 
/* wait for a key */
getch(); 
/* black out the colors one by one */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setpalette(color, BLACK);
getch();
} 
/* restore the palette colors */
setallpalette(&pal); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setaspectratio 
功能: 设置图形纵横比
用法: void far setaspectratio(int xasp, int yasp);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xasp, yasp, midx, midy; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* get current aspect ratio settings */
getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp); 
/* draw normal circle */
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch(); 
/* claer the screen */
cleardevice(); 
/* adjust the aspect for a wide circle */
setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch(); 
/* adjust the aspect for a narrow circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);
circle(midx, midy, 100); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setbkcolor 
功能: 用调色板设置当前背景颜色
用法: void far setbkcolor(int color);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple background colors. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int bkcol, maxcolor, x, y;
char msg[80]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
/* maximum color index supported */
maxcolor = getmaxcolor(); 
/* for centering text messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2; 
/* loop through the available colors */
for (bkcol=0; bkcol<=maxcolor; bkcol++)
{
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice(); 
/* select a new background color */
setbkcolor(bkcol); 
/* output a messsage */
if (bkcol == WHITE)
setcolor(EGA_BLUE);
sprintf(msg, "Background color: %d", bkcol);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
getch();
} 
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
} 


函数名: setblock 
功能: 修改先前已分配的DOS存储段大小
用法: int setblock(int seg, int newsize);
程序例: 
#include <DOS.H>
#include <ALLOC.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat; 
size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Allocated memory at segment: %X\n", segp);
else
{
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %d\n",
stat);
exit(1);
} 
stat = setblock(segp, size * 2);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Expanded memory block at segment: %X\n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %d\n",
stat); 
freemem(segp); 
return 0;
}


函数名: setbuf 
功能: 把缓冲区与流相联
用法: void setbuf(FILE *steam, char *buf);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
/* BUFSIZ is defined in stdio.h */
char outbuf[BUFSIZ]; 
int main(void)
{
/* attach a buffer to the standard output stream */
setbuf(stdout, outbuf); 
/* put some characters into the buffer */
puts("This is a test of buffered output.\n\n");
puts("This output will go into outbuf\n");
puts("and won't appear until the buffer\n");
puts("fills up or we flush the stream.\n"); 
/* flush the output buffer */
fflush(stdout); 
return 0;
}


函数名: setcbrk
功能: 设置Control-break
用法: int setcbrk(int value);
程序例: 
#include <DOS.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
int main(void)
{
int break_flag; 
printf("Enter 0 to turn control break off\n");
printf("Enter 1 to turn control break on\n"); 
break_flag = getch() - 0; 
setcbrk(break_flag); 
if (getcbrk())
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is on\n");
else
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is off\n");
return 0;
}



函数名: setcolor
功能: 设置当前画线颜色
用法: void far setcolor(int color);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports */
/* multiple drawing colors. */
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
int color, maxcolor, x, y;
char msg[80]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
/* maximum color index supported */
maxcolor = getmaxcolor(); 
/* for centering text messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2; 
/* loop through the available colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
/* clear the screen */
cleardevice(); 
/* select a new background color */
setcolor(color); 
/* output a messsage */
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
getch();
} 
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setdate 
功能: 设置DOS日期
用法: void setdate(struct date *dateblk);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <PROCESS.H>
#include <DOS.H>
int main(void)
{
struct date reset;
struct date save_date; 
getdate(&save_date);
printf("Original date:\n");
system("date"); 
reset.da_year = 2001;
reset.da_day = 1;
reset.da_mon = 1;
setdate(&reset); 
printf("Date after setting:\n");
system("date"); 
setdate(&save_date);
printf("Back to original date:\n");
system("date"); 
return 0;
}


函数名: setdisk 
功能: 设置当前磁盘驱动器
用法: int setdisk(int drive);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DIR.H>
int main(void)
{
int save, disk, disks; 
/* save original drive */
save = getdisk(); 
/* print number of logic drives */
disks = setdisk(save);
printf("%d logical drives on the system\n\n", disks); 
/* print the drive letters available */
printf("Available drives:\n");
for (disk = 0;disk < 26;++disk)
{
setdisk(disk);
if (disk == getdisk())
printf("%c: drive is available\n", disk + 'a');
}
setdisk(save); 
return 0;
} 


函数名: setdta 
功能: 设置磁盘传输区地址
用法: void setdta(char far *dta);
程序例: 
#include <PROCESS.H>
#include <STRING.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <DOS.H>
int main(void)
{
char line[80], far *save_dta;
char buffer[256] = "SETDTA test!";
struct fcb blk;
int result; 
/* get new file name from user */
printf("Enter a file name to create:");
gets(line); 
/* parse the new file name to the dta */
parsfnm(line, &blk, 1);
printf("%d %s\n", blk.fcb_drive, blk.fcb_name); 
/* request DOS services to create file */
if (bdosptr(0x16, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error creating file");
exit(1);
} 
/* save old dta and set new dta */
save_dta = getdta();
setdta(buffer); 
/* write new records */
blk.fcb_recsize = 256;
blk.fcb_random = 0L;
result = randbwr(&blk, 1);
printf("result = %d\n", result); 
if (!result)
printf("Write OK\n");
else
{
perror("Disk error");
exit(1);
} 
/* request DOS services to close the file */
if (bdosptr(0x10, &blk, 0) == -1)
{
perror("Error closing file");
exit(1);
} 
/* reset the old dta */
setdta(save_dta);
return 0;
}


函数名: setfillpattern 
功能: 选择用户定义的填充模式
用法: void far setfillpattern(char far *upattern, int color);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy; 
/* a user defined fill pattern */
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x24, 0x24, 0x07, 0x00}; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); 
/* select a user defined fill pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor()); 
/* fill the screen with the pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setfillstyle 
功能: 设置填充模式和颜色
用法: void far setfillstyle(int pattern, int color);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STRING.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
/* the names of the fill styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL",
"SOLID_FILL",
"LINE_FILL",
"LTSLASH_FILL",
"SLASH_FILL",
"BKSLASH_FILL",
"LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL",
"XHATCH_FILL",
"INTERLEAVE_FILL",
"WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL",
"USER_FILL"
}; 
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int style, midx, midy;
char stylestr[40]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
for (style = EMPTY_FILL; style < USER_FILL; style++)
{
/* select the fill style */
setfillstyle(style, getmaxcolor()); 
/* convert style into a string */
strcpy(stylestr, fname[style]); 
/* fill a bar */
bar3d(0, 0, midx-10, midy, 0, 0); 
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr); 
/* wait for a key */
getch();
cleardevice();
} 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
} 


函数名: setftime 
功能: 设置文件日期和时间
用法: int setftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <PROCESS.H>
#include <FCNTL.H>
#include <IO.H>
int main(void)
{
struct ftime filet;
FILE *fp; 
if ((fp = fopen("TEST.$$$", "w")) == NULL)
{
perror("Error:");
exit(1);
} 
fprintf(fp, "testing...\n"); 
/* load ftime structure with new time and date */
filet.ft_tsec = 1;
filet.ft_min = 1;
filet.ft_hour = 1;
filet.ft_day = 1;
filet.ft_month = 1;
filet.ft_year = 21; 
/* show current directory for time and date */
system("dir TEST.$$$"); 
/* change the time and date stamp*/
setftime(fileno(fp), &filet); 
/* close and remove the temporary file */
fclose(fp); 
system("dir TEST.$$$"); 
unlink("TEST.$$$");
return 0;
}


函数名: setgraphbufsize 
功能: 改变内部图形缓冲区的大小
用法: unsigned far setgraphbufsize(unsigned bufsize);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
#define BUFSIZE 1000 /* internal graphics buffer size */ 
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y, oldsize;
char msg[80]; 
/* set the size of the internal graphics buffer */
/* before making a call to initgraph. */
oldsize = setgraphbufsize(BUFSIZE); 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2; 
/* output some messages */
sprintf(msg, "Graphics buffer size: %d", BUFSIZE);
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, msg);
sprintf(msg, "Old graphics buffer size: %d", oldsize);
outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), msg); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setgraphmode 
功能: 将系统设置成图形模式且清屏
用法: void far setgraphmode(int mode);
程序例:

#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <GRAPHICS.H>#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2; 
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "Press any key to exit graphics:");
getch(); 
/* restore system to text mode */
restorecrtmode();
printf("We're now in text mode.\n");
printf("Press any key to return to graphics mode:");
getch(); 
/* return to graphics mode */
setgraphmode(getgraphmode()); 
/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "We're back in graphics mode.");
outtextxy(x, y+textheight("W"), "Press any key to halt:"); 
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setjmp 
功能: 非局部转移
用法: int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <PROCESS.H>
#include <SETJMP.H>
void subroutine(void); 
jmp_buf jumper; 
int main(void)
{
int value; 
value = setjmp(jumper);
if (value != 0)
{
printf("Longjmp with value %d\n", value);
exit(value);
}
printf("About to call subroutine ... \n");
subroutine();
return 0;
} 
void subroutine(void)
{
longjmp(jumper,1);
}


函数名: setlinestyle 
功能: 设置当前画线宽度和类型
用法: void far setlinestyle(int linestype, unsigned upattern);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STRING.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
/* the names of the line styles supported */
char *lname[] = {
"SOLID_LINE",
"DOTTED_LINE",
"CENTER_LINE",
"DASHED_LINE",
"USERBIT_LINE"
}; 
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 
int style, midx, midy, userpat;
char stylestr[40]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
/* a user defined line pattern */
/* binary: "0000000000000001" */
userpat = 1; 
for (style=SOLID_LINE; style<=USERBIT_LINE; style++)
{
/* select the line style */
setlinestyle(style, userpat, 1); 
/* convert style into a string */
strcpy(stylestr, lname[style]); 
/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, midx-10, midy); 
/* draw a rectangle */
rectangle(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy()); 
/* output a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, stylestr); 
/* wait for a key */
getch();
cleardevice();
} 
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
} 


函数名: setmem 
功能: 存值到存储区
用法: void setmem(void *addr, int len, char value);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <ALLOC.H>
#include <MEM.H>
int main(void)
{
char *dest; 
dest = calloc(21, sizeof(char));
setmem(dest, 20, 'c');
printf("%s\n", dest); 
return 0;
} 


函数名: setmode 
功能: 设置打开文件方式
用法: int setmode(int handle, unsigned mode);
程序例: 
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <FCNTL.H>
#include <IO.H>
int main(void)
{
int result; 
result = setmode(fileno(stdprn), O_TEXT);
if (result == -1)
perror("Mode not available\n");
else
printf("Mode successfully switched\n");
return 0;
}



函数名: setpalette 
功能: 改变调色板的颜色
用法: void far setpalette(int index, int actural_color);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int color, maxcolor, ht;
int y = 10;
char msg[80]; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
maxcolor = getmaxcolor();
ht = 2 * textheight("W"); 
/* display the default colors */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setcolor(color);
sprintf(msg, "Color: %d", color);
outtextxy(1, y, msg);
y += ht;
} 
/* wait for a key */
getch(); 
/* black out the colors one by one */
for (color=1; color<=maxcolor; color++)
{
setpalette(color, BLACK);
getch();
} 
/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: setrgbpalette 
功能: 定义IBM8514图形卡的颜色
用法: void far setrgbpalette(int colornum, int red, int green, int blue);
程序例: 
#include <GRAPHICS.H>
#include <STDLIB.H>
#include <STDIO.H>
#include <CONIO.H>
int main(void)
{
/* select a driver and mode that supports the use */
/* of the setrgbpalette function. */
int gdriver = VGA, gmode = VGAHI, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
int i, ht, y, xmax; 
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} 
/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal); 
/* create gray scale */
for (i=0; i<PAL.SIZE; setrgbpalette(pal.colors, i*4, i*4, i*4); 
/ x2 H" {) |* X& S/* display the gray scale */
9 I9 p2 j2 }: h3 c) ~/ s+ rht = getmaxy() / 16; % L8 p: L. F% d+ {+ a) X
xmax = getmaxx(); ! e* C5 Z; |' b
y = 0;
% S3 I+ A" ]# r# e0 lfor (i=0; i<PAL.SIZE; { ; m: S1 S% T, k) p7 h
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, i); / z B$ X" l4 o4 g
bar(0, y, xmax, y+ht);
3 {- |& q X( T& m* j' W( r$ Sy += ht;
" Y$ S* o4 s1 W: T* l} 
$ B& L) A1 F8 P. o! K/* clean up */ ' t0 Q* a$ [# W- D6 g" K& u
getch(); : k/ Y9 c" T* E1 F/ w% r! Q
closegraph();
, L. N5 x. r$ D9 jreturn 0;
; B2 `" e9 h: P8 F5 o0 ~- k, V} ! d( T& C5 G8 e J

! u* E$ w9 d8 w5 i
8 S L' a8 \. ]8 m' l# U' \" x0 t
; m$ ^# O5 }. I! T" C: Q函数名: settextjustify & i* n x$ C/ w! B/ z& z; W# T
功能: 为图形函数设置文本的对齐方式 ( q. q7 l# m7 q: |/ l v9 u" ?6 w
用法: void far settextjustify(int horiz, int vert); $ t/ ~" ?9 [$ M6 B6 Q& j- X
程序例: 
# g B8 A& B& ?# ?6 s#include <GRAPHICS.H>% ~; j# \! k" @: P* ^ r% t
#include <STDLIB.H>
5 I; f7 n3 O ]6 I( l#include <STDIO.H>
. ^. e) I, I0 K#include <CONIO.H>7 K0 T w( G. @' B3 j
/* function prototype */ - u: }, S5 w& t6 o' {% a0 ?+ N, n
void xat(int x, int y); 3 A( `+ b: R' ~0 r/ G
/* horizontal text justification settings */
. C% P+ X4 `/ hchar *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT",
0 S7 N- ^3 M& z$ `, y% {) Q& E' t" F"CENTER_TEXT", . ], [6 J( |$ r D) L" J
"RIGHT_TEXT"
4 F% w6 C3 \2 A+ s}; 4 Z6 O: T1 T- K, d. D
/* vertical text justification settings */
7 S7 o/ V* l4 Ychar *vjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", , N/ \ d- _: p! _( S( Z
"CENTER_TEXT",
) T X% y) H8 w# L- O"RIGHT_TEXT" + Q2 x. J3 e! t9 A6 `4 W* e
}; 1 N1 f6 s4 V0 |8 R6 Z4 Z. B3 [
int main(void) / w/ j! ?! W4 P4 G
{ $ ~0 J! z. ^' D* A% P5 a; a
/* request auto detection */ ! u4 L" k% }% |; e6 L+ c
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; + N/ N" |, N. V. B- ], p: r
int midx, midy, hj, vj;
) d- k2 d: S1 D" E9 c7 o& Kchar msg[80]; ; t6 u5 f8 P" B( x% R! Q; b
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
$ N, B. D- x' B* a- ninitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
( `4 o+ c) S# O0 A$ x/ A! ~/* read result of initialization */ 0 _- L4 ?# @/ i
errorcode = graphresult(); 3 A4 _/ } G! N+ [' o
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 6 h3 h; `& c. v% U: |% v
{ & g) S! v: U& @+ C+ y
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
& Y! F2 ?* `3 u8 v) J& ]8 Kprintf("Press any key to halt:");
" |3 v4 o0 ]! i# w, k) zgetch(); 3 d! Z+ @0 ]) l1 P& q' N
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 4 w0 c/ p: c+ j: k- {5 @
} 8 `1 n4 \! L, O; E
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
 f* i# j; U" \9 f( h. t0 k& v. nmidy = getmaxy() / 2; 
$ N5 u v' I* k/* loop through text justifications */
- f8 A/ {0 ?. J" F- ^3 ofor (hj=LEFT_TEXT; hj<=RIGHT_TEXT; hj++)
* s w$ \ f# q7 N$ q' ?& L8 Gfor (vj=LEFT_TEXT; vj<=RIGHT_TEXT; vj++)
3 t% `& K' z! o: G6 G8 }' n; q3 E{
4 f8 r5 E7 i/ E u& J1 I0 mcleardevice();
" a0 F2 ? Z _; X. y% z9 n% y/* set the text justification */ " }! n* a, t7 h) ~5 x5 b
settextjustify(hj, vj); 
& N+ `2 }1 [" p; n' w/* create a message string */ + q- K K, N8 i6 ^5 H; p
sprintf(msg, "%s %s", hjust[hj], vjust[vj]); . ~8 S4 V) |. g3 ^1 J: n; c/ ?
/* create cross hairs on the screen */ % n& Y/ e. N7 L# S. @
xat(midx, midy); 
4 Q, r3 s p! H7 M/ U/* output the message */ 5 U4 u% O6 q1 V, m( I& y* A
outtextxy(midx, midy, msg); % l7 O9 Y% R# |" Z9 P
getch(); 9 { c2 I% Y5 m* N$ v( S/ V' g, g- N
} 
/ v T9 y0 G& f/* clean up */ ! @1 w7 U( K/ G+ r, }9 A
closegraph();
- s$ c: C1 Q( C5 ]; c8 v3 s9 ereturn 0; . z3 n7 ]$ \! u: m" w" E- O z
} 
! \7 k* x3 W6 N4 q* K$ b/* draw an "x" at (x, y) */
/ ?3 V9 ~* O# r" X$ @: Q6 \void xat(int x, int y)
; F$ Q; S, u" J% j: a{
9 R/ N, ]8 ^% {3 D( }5 Lline(x-4, y, x+4, y); 9 O( x/ ]7 m' z8 Y" _4 V
line(x, y-4, x, y+4);
$ c0 m+ c! v. W3 V( D} $ p: O$ u% k' z% }4 y

: ^6 ?3 j' B( o! }+ t7 n; H' ~% l
7 Y0 U" a0 j, o: x; \+ D' Y函数名: settextstyle 
& M; K9 x1 o! k$ b5 g0 [& t$ ^. B功能: 为图形输出设置当前的文本属性
' @/ z& D# q( d Y; X7 B用法: void far settextstyle (int font, int direction, char size); ( \9 y3 W- x7 _9 E' d
程序例: / h8 q; x) w! g* J W% e
#include <GRAPHICS.H>. x" g* o4 L) |/ H" k; {
#include <STDLIB.H>
& K# L$ L' C9 F8 s: f' j$ u5 O#include <STDIO.H>
6 b3 S& |9 W( z3 X+ \$ H#include <CONIO.H>% \7 Y) P; p. k
/* the names of the text styles supported */
/ H5 m) ?* Y- Z; U$ ^7 N, lchar *fname[] = { "DEFAULT font",
+ U% p* _, ?* ~6 z# U"TRIPLEX font",
. L4 m1 u# B0 O6 k"SMALL font",
9 [6 H# x( o6 ^# y) U* p"SANS SERIF font", 5 p: H y k M7 t
"GOTHIC font" - S0 r/ d: F* d0 V
}; 
3 H; l' @7 t) }% n0 V4 P, pint main(void) 1 I2 S. z3 ]! L1 l
{
% j$ l# _. Y- H+ V9 M/* request auto detection */
. z9 H# g# H! K+ L% B/ M' |int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; $ k5 w* K. K/ ~' o+ u% Q
int style, midx, midy;
" K8 y- o8 f' q1 \/ T: [int size = 1; . g" w9 [: e8 k1 }
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
. p( e. w C0 D/ J; i; @/ ^initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 0 x# P! d2 @+ ]. U2 b% p2 Z+ _* R
/* read result of initialization */
( }2 {6 U A/ U5 u! Zerrorcode = graphresult();
/ s5 m5 J+ o9 O! @6 H7 cif (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 3 Y( X j8 }- d
{ 4 [/ p v w/ S3 \& w: c
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
2 @! c2 ?& q, h+ `# k# Iprintf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
9 j- o1 S. c% I1 j, Cexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ 8 U9 X- y$ l# l! |5 @- d
} ! @2 y, V% M( c
midx = getmaxx() / 2;
3 B' `/ Q% F9 |5 g* Gmidy = getmaxy() / 2; / ~' [8 v2 e- {% Z8 ~% Z, X. y
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); 
; Y% A9 g, ?1 c8 H/* loop through the available text styles */
. M1 S$ v" c$ H0 `for (style=DEFAULT_FONT; style<=GOTHIC_FONT; style++)
. S5 W* ]6 J2 Z0 A% w) w- V{ 3 N$ o5 a2 J% a% R! [" j. Y# V! _
cleardevice();
- l, ^) f4 S2 \ Pif (style == TRIPLEX_FONT)
; u Y4 j+ h) G. g" wsize = 4; 
7 `8 W' B, @; v/* select the text style */
4 l! {, g) E) W6 W, `0 W7 ~settextstyle(style, HORIZ_DIR, size); 
7 S5 X( T9 M% J" s' @6 q/* output a message */ z! B8 x& G I1 V7 m
outtextxy(midx, midy, fname[style]); 7 K, q3 `2 Y* F) B+ Z" ~
getch(); & q% P/ Y" z$ O% h8 J
} 
, x. P0 D3 c8 z0 q* l/* clean up */
. ]' l4 P5 ^4 p; [$ Y3 hclosegraph(); - ?9 f! |/ T, g1 J0 g2 K& V, R
return 0; 7 q5 {% _2 X5 R" ]$ H* l
} 7 U- ^( E, @6 X

9 W* r }+ ^# @$ f" E; S; h: Q, ^/ o* M; I' K& Z6 S2 s2 H7 _1 n
函数名: settextstyle ' G- T0 v* W: S+ X5 x5 o6 H r5 M/ x
功能: 为图形输出设置当前的文本属性
, ?% c* i; C" `) l用法: void far settextstyle (int font, int direction, char size); 6 K0 `# Z8 k$ s
程序例: 1 }4 j4 _+ m6 `* e% D3 S% [) y- s
#include <GRAPHICS.H># W5 d- T' G( |, y, j+ u% ]* q" f( g
#include <STDLIB.H>* N- l- @: r5 A
#include <STDIO.H>9 J) Y. v" H# J5 z v
#include <CONIO.H>
+ J" A x, J4 b/* the names of the text styles supported */
& j$ l Q4 A+ xchar *fname[] = { "DEFAULT font",
7 q- m: g- l: V0 ]4 h( g+ \"TRIPLEX font", 5 J0 H, f2 f8 t) \$ u1 V
"SMALL font",
( Y$ u4 ^# M0 S5 Y; n"SANS SERIF font",
7 F3 S7 [/ M+ V. J+ ]9 S"GOTHIC font"
0 K% b: r% G" N6 Q# [}; 
( p1 Q7 o# |9 h4 Z& }1 A' Sint main(void) 8 b2 \* q( V( J! ~& e" t2 T& {
{
- s- n8 j0 P$ ~2 D* z/* request auto detection */ 7 z$ s' {' k4 t
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 7 o4 y7 Q, v9 T& }
int style, midx, midy; 5 K1 T/ O" b @( P- z
int size = 1; 0 a* X, X) v7 \$ Y
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
0 k) ^ c& d1 Y! a$ V% g1 S$ ninitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
% G/ Z& Q8 Q3 `1 s/* read result of initialization */ ; b+ K9 i; q* @( q# ?, S0 z3 Q6 M
errorcode = graphresult(); $ t0 x/ Y( u. N
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
/ r' {0 x [8 n& C" Z" s% O" k{ 3 ]" ? {" x( t; |
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 9 o6 k' J5 C" l# [
printf("Press any key to halt:"); * V. J5 i. n3 k) a9 I }0 w
getch(); ! ?$ J* ~2 C. f$ E8 p9 G! y
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ ! G) |% j4 h2 Y* f) E# H
} 
7 M0 O! ~% a/ [" Nmidx = getmaxx() / 2; " c, r3 P/ Q5 _& c6 o
midy = getmaxy() / 2; 
, O0 k8 ?" d$ I% t0 l, asettextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); ! s. m' N) y+ |* U0 \( }5 ?) V" G) m
/* loop through the available text styles */ 6 ^. ~: V+ B, c; F
for (style=DEFAULT_FONT; style<=GOTHIC_FONT; style++)
) a7 p) }: K F4 U, @* C{ 0 s9 r' A; ?% X# e' s" C5 F$ V6 E
cleardevice();
* f0 ?2 D2 e* D. L& H/ z" a7 M* bif (style == TRIPLEX_FONT)
' M5 G- h% K" k1 N8 wsize = 4; ) A9 X. M* x* d5 `
/* select the text style */ 6 ]& R5 |" M& z1 G6 D
settextstyle(style, HORIZ_DIR, size); 
8 j o. f% Q4 t. a/* output a message */
; Z' X) P7 E- E# @$ ^outtextxy(midx, midy, fname[style]);
, ^7 @5 ?, p1 T( N' j+ a- Agetch(); 4 l6 P, B7 [9 y& o @
} ' c& D+ s, l2 J1 r* C- z/ R. t9 A( r
/* clean up */
& ]- [' @+ x1 w* Z9 v! @4 mclosegraph();
8 i! e( h' f2 s% M% e( X4 d# Rreturn 0; 5 K" \- W: t+ G r# [( q% y5 t- S
} 
7 H: [, ^* \ @6 C
: ?) ]: O2 m; [$ o+ b* ?& V! ^. o3 y, Y. b( Y: Y; }
函数名: settime / \* j; a# |, O) e% G9 |- K7 o
功能: 设置系统时间
$ @, t' n4 d3 \: T' _1 t* O2 A, E用法: void settime(struct time *timep); ' C6 c1 r( @! o" H* v! l
程序例: 
8 z4 L& }% t" @/ i6 d#include <STDIO.H>4 H8 H0 F5 A) r# B, a( \
#include <DOS.H>/ h m9 O B# c H
int main(void)
2 ?3 Q, q% J6 Z' _& e{
; ?& o! b6 \- _4 hstruct time t; 4 s8 o- R, e4 C- H4 s; ^
gettime(&t); 0 j( r" F% X4 ?, G) U4 K
printf("The current minute is: %d\n", t.ti_min); : L7 h' ~5 H9 y9 ?/ u, B$ c
printf("The current hour is: %d\n", t.ti_hour);
+ r5 f+ M3 l. {- W0 }printf("The current hundredth of a second is: %d\n", t.ti_hund); # u+ Y4 u2 f& C4 Z8 L+ h( a
printf("The current second is: %d\n", t.ti_sec); $ L8 c- I& a% i+ X5 W
/* Add one to the minutes struct element and then call settime */
/ M7 y2 A1 n. r/ ~t.ti_min++;
# |+ r2 ?+ B6 Y; h$ Z; T$ psettime(&t); 4 o! I/ F: v0 u
return 0; 8 ~4 L& n/ S f/ b9 W$ W: A
} 
" \0 p! Q' ?0 Z% s) k2 ?) C9 v$ b" j8 K2 g* l/ n9 }
 p2 K% P1 a+ i n; f- R
函数名: setusercharsize / U' z2 A6 v% Y6 P
功能: 为矢量字体改变字符宽度和高度
' b9 s) Y3 Q! U! L2 w: M! E) h用法: void far setusercharsize(int multx, int dirx, int multy, int diry);
" e/ }+ ?# T9 @ j/ D S程序例: 
* b* D0 X# L5 U0 e G% M' e#include <GRAPHICS.H>& ?1 r1 X; R$ o( ~/ Y
#include <STDLIB.H>6 n* B* F; Z. a# o; x( g
#include <STDIO.H>
; u9 L4 |4 Y, p3 ]8 g#include <CONIO.H>% f6 |* B$ C8 ?& x7 G5 u9 Y# F, [
int main(void) . l- D h9 w; }- S' \
{ % y+ u* |5 t" T
/* request autodetection */
- Q6 d5 }4 l% R6 ?8 Yint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; & w/ a: A3 f& S. P+ K
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
2 I0 |3 h) f) G- b+ t# Oinitgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
% h' `& W+ q' t7 g0 s3 B/* read result of initialization */ , @1 O. @5 |& G! A& o! U# l: ~+ S
errorcode = graphresult(); 7 Y8 T' T" p+ w+ K; D
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
' `# e# j. ]. V ?5 e- E' d+ z{ . U; s' l) G' J9 L# N5 I9 Z7 E$ M
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
/ F0 ?( G5 ~" S* i6 @8 \: _printf("Press any key to halt:");
$ p6 q S' ]7 [! r+ Jgetch(); , Y& e k2 j1 n) d# @" p
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
( C2 b, W5 J- k' A0 K} 
3 |! \ U# _) j6 H0 Z8 E/* select a text style */
9 a# _- ~1 {0 {" G' Msettextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4); 
2 w& [ L/ n8 _/* move to the text starting position */ 1 G. G: n$ C$ c
moveto(0, getmaxy() / 2); 8 ?8 y) F$ r% a8 N
/* output some normal text */ - n) v6 s/ g; ?
outtext("Norm "); }! E: R' s* i5 i$ S$ l, C" M
/* make the text 1/3 the normal width */ $ p5 t, a( `/ X- V
setusercharsize(1, 3, 1, 1);
* K- O! |2 u* @3 q- kouttext("Short "); 
; U, v( q0 }5 J5 x5 d! }/* make the text 3 times normal width */ ; [9 C+ B& E, R* Y* _" K' r4 a4 ]4 v
setusercharsize(3, 1, 1, 1); - o$ T9 s1 U' d
outtext("Wide"); / L3 q7 D, y. c- B6 ?8 G" A- O
/* clean up */ % Y$ X4 [# b5 ^7 h
getch();
) ~& F$ B- I4 r2 Y, P& m9 Sclosegraph();
' ]8 p% ~+ I" G( O, ireturn 0;
7 x/ I7 V+ i4 U! L; w c} 
# ]- Z& j9 n8 V- ~+ b0 ^; t' e0 l& U3 W9 B& a$ x/ ^ N1 \
函数名: setvbuf 
+ A w. e) C, p) D功能: 把缓冲区与流相关 . j+ R# x0 o9 a
用法: int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int type, unsigned size);
 T( k- C1 @' Z3 Y1 ?程序例: 
* U+ P. T( @' D5 |( V5 Q& t$ }#include <STDIO.H>
6 A; E4 w% o/ U fint main(void) $ Z1 E* ]/ r H2 X9 C- o
{ # S# o4 I" e. ]& T! r, @5 j$ g/ u7 X) U
FILE *input, *output; " v- H* \% o; ^; r$ c5 j) Q \! Q
char bufr[512]; K4 E# ]) m! t
input = fopen("file.in", "r+b");
* b0 `4 c0 w0 M9 h) W9 k& {output = fopen("file.out", "w"); ' p) }$ l. {. ]8 B
/* set up input stream for minimal disk access,
# Q7 a3 L, }) U1 f. |( Qusing our own character buffer */
, ^/ D( h" {: Vif (setvbuf(input, bufr, _IOFBF, 512) != 0)
$ c' t* @" _# X7 Nprintf("failed to set up buffer for input file\n");
 g: {' B1 F) D" p, S" oelse
$ l0 o" d% J" i: R7 N- }printf("buffer set up for input file\n"); 
- \- i/ j) M- v! z) e1 K5 F/ |/* set up output stream for line buffering using space that
* u( A/ B/ E0 P5 Ewill be obtained through an indirect call to malloc */
$ S3 U# G8 v; z) W: G- ]! }1 K9 w! bif (setvbuf(output, NULL, _IOLBF, 132) != 0)
5 Y# Y3 O6 F2 _. [8 cprintf("failed to set up buffer for output file\n");
( X3 P7 K- q6 ?else
; C% C! w2 l9 |, @4 }printf("buffer set up for output file\n"); 
: X0 \( p% {, `: E( p/* perform file I/O here */ 4 A9 s( _6 _) s) w" u
/* close files */ : A" J: J6 Z$ `) P0 T) v4 K
fclose(input);
: V: `. L# U" \7 r% W+ C# v( nfclose(output);
/ R- z, l! o/ `* [( D, X# Creturn 0;
" r, V/ a( Y( m" @}
- v% k( S9 Q9 P+ N7 b" @. g& ]' a: Y! J) k/ |5 ]% h

' ^% C, z' v$ J7 I
2 c& M) Z- E1 J1 o+ Q函数名: setvect * ?( {- {3 Z; L& d9 b H
功能: 设置中断矢量入口
+ f, J- ]0 B9 C' A用法: void setvect(int intr_num, void interrupt(*isr)()); 4 I. \; p- H2 \' E5 J5 ?
程序例: 6 g/ H7 g9 N0 Y
/***NOTE:
) n% b: h" A& V3 y2 C6 N7 u1 XThis is an interrupt service routine. You can NOT compile this
0 w, t0 Q: L' W0 y( A% u7 Yprogram with Test Stack Overflow turned on and get an executable
- @* Q7 ]1 A. a3 |8 y$ Wfile which will operate correctly. */ - v; h, W9 {1 u8 z4 J3 i. z# l! }
#include <STDIO.H>( a+ E. p6 s* D
#include <DOS.H>
) I1 v$ e+ K* t( y. _#include <CONIO.H>" T, J5 Z, c0 ]$ s7 Q8 w9 @
#define INTR 0X1C /* The clock tick interrupt */ 
) N) ~' k9 K8 e5 `" L% E) vvoid interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void); 
$ N* |0 V4 ]" u$ V* Mint count=0; ; V; _2 V9 |$ f H; Q3 P3 D; v
void interrupt handler(void)
. O5 Z/ |6 j6 ~{
4 A0 h7 A- A; k# w. M1 Q/* increase the global counter */ * }; [7 \0 x3 H
count++; ; ^+ K9 _9 j3 i: R c
/* call the old routine */
8 e8 e5 O# X4 J+ ]* L2 doldhandler(); + h4 w9 e9 t5 O, X
} 
) }* J* D$ t7 l" Z/ ~; ^6 u+ `# qint main(void) : Y+ ~4 l- f, Q' ^5 A' H, Z
{
: `: R* K7 _3 ?+ k/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR); 
" [; E' |8 {/ f6 p. ^( D+ S, ?/* install the new interrupt handler */
* |; j: E) z# J* C( Q% t9 ?, Jsetvect(INTR, handler); 0 N; J, s, K! [
/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */ 1 n u) D2 T0 Z H5 S; f
while (count < 20) * Y) j& }" {6 P3 K
printf("count is %d\n",count); 2 Y& a7 r& d- n" ~* [- i0 J+ N
/* reset the old interrupt handler */ ; M7 o+ d# e4 e" b( c
setvect(INTR, oldhandler); 
- u; m4 i# |' E; j1 ], ~return 0; 7 |% f( u, v0 w
} $ C( n4 @. L$ S) M+ o9 l# P$ j
% w% q+ e% [ b C' l; Z9 L
: Y: k% ]% \" q$ o. h. k F
函数名: setverify R" d) N& @; @, }: ]% r& b
功能: 设置验证状态 ( D+ j t- b) A8 f
用法: void setverify(int value); ; ^+ H/ ?& M* G: q
程序例: 4 C' H3 m) z) O2 j' p
#include <STDIO.H>) F+ r9 s# V0 B1 }
#include <CONIO.H>
' m* \3 G4 z, j#include <DOS.H>' J4 n5 ? K3 Y
int main(void)
# w* z5 Q- Z, U# W( f{
% P1 U% [ G0 |int verify_flag; 
0 ?# u, X: F# ^1 d% {printf("Enter 0 to set verify flag off\n");
$ [) W' l* o4 g- F5 {! tprintf("Enter 1 to set verify flag on\n"); 
) M% M2 J3 j7 {! M, averify_flag = getch() - 0; 6 @$ a/ y$ {5 G# m* v! t2 B% t) l
setverify(verify_flag); : d% f. F. D! z$ x- @
if (getverify())
, |" W; E) a5 kprintf("DOS verify flag is on\n"); # Q) H* Z# S0 ~9 d+ o) e
else / h: n- \/ l: U- [* P. }# H8 m# N
printf("DOS verify flag is off\n"); 
- Q- g& e0 d3 q1 vreturn 0;
9 q- K6 }0 n: Z. d} # h. s, \7 y+ [* E
/ ?. A) a- M% U

# p1 \+ C. j- L5 R {2 h! H函数名: setviewport 
: A# D ?" g% z7 h! T( L0 i+ } A功能: 为图形输出设置当前视口
, s* g& u" ~9 }5 Z# ~+ b用法: void far setviewport(int left, int top, int right,
4 s# {) \( Q1 ]int bottom, int clipflag);
1 ]/ N# Y8 m' F3 p0 W) {, P程序例: 
: P, t6 b8 p$ |& D9 d T#include <GRAPHICS.H>
8 `8 ?7 e3 f4 y& u' S' C7 W#include <STDLIB.H>
3 V Y- v8 X5 N- X2 R* i9 i#include <STDIO.H>
- v( j; H& F. D; m0 \#include <CONIO.H>5 p0 n) g% f+ D9 ~3 T
#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */ 
+ x4 Y4 `/ K9 V# C) `int main(void) $ T4 t$ G; x1 X6 ~
{
. k$ k1 L! d/ b- w5 t) I/* request auto detection */ + R1 G+ @- O Q8 t& j
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; 
4 Q) }- c, P- ?2 Q* K/* initialize graphics and local variables */ % N, l% |% _+ t8 n9 Q/ n Z
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); F9 |) s2 T& p& Q! P3 n, J) P4 M$ o
/* read result of initialization */
5 W. ~0 b& w2 q3 Y6 e4 serrorcode = graphresult(); : s" R9 ]" t& t2 k, V/ t
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ ( a4 |! F( n; E0 u" `
{ ( y; ?0 [* C* A" v! F) U
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); $ g4 I5 E6 v; S8 M: s
printf("Press any key to halt:"); 2 U# d5 f) i8 Y' e
getch(); & h6 V4 X. W- M4 ~
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ " Q* {3 t9 `# g1 r
} ; k- g6 z F, q6 f/ i; ~$ _: F1 |! E
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); # J1 p( X/ R# r/ w, @3 m5 q
/* message in default full-screen viewport */
& Z# U! z0 m/ D+ L; y3 v! g7 |4 Gouttextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport"); 1 B6 w+ v4 P: X9 z
/* create a smaller viewport */ ' L# ?8 w* L5 a# l) P8 B
setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON); 
7 o8 \* n# V; }, [, m/* display some text */ 7 D/ k: d3 Z$ U8 N3 p
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport"); 7 E0 W8 ?% _. E3 A6 j& @! g1 Y
/* clean up */
, l# s, G: X6 ]) H: G0 egetch();
. \# V0 o; e6 {' }; Mclosegraph();
; r9 p, X `# k2 c3 a) N5 I% K1 yreturn 0; % y1 t& k- r9 e
} 3 C( Q$ ~! k; a, c2 M' b9 s. E

- Z- s, h! l! L( Q5 k6 S/ q c
! u0 D% A* n4 ?' O/ E! J函数名: setvisualpage 
, V8 Q, Q. c4 n4 p4 u+ C- u功能: 设置可见图形页号 % a. i# u* `( e3 j: U( e5 X5 r x
用法: void far setvisualpage(int pagenum);
/ [) w9 u; G% `程序例: 
9 H8 B. c3 I3 t, F7 l#include <GRAPHICS.H>$ I p8 k; m! H8 {. s$ I# M1 U7 J
#include <STDLIB.H>
5 h2 G* e* V g#include <STDIO.H>
$ C9 Q, {: b: D#include <CONIO.H>& M0 g, t- f& G. E' f* D @8 z
int main(void) $ y3 H$ @* G; P
{ 8 m2 u' G. ~( O9 V! X
/* select a driver and mode that supports */ : J1 ]% k: Z J* k* W
/* multiple pages. */ # S5 _7 Y/ H+ J- ^9 w6 D/ s
int gdriver = EGA, gmode = EGAHI, errorcode;
% V! `, Y/ S2 ~" wint x, y, ht; 
7 g& \3 ~8 B. X& P! t/* initialize graphics and local variables */ 0 O9 q6 o- g) ^. ?$ [4 c0 q
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); $ j$ O4 ]" F0 g$ ^( F) U" d
/* read result of initialization */
) O7 p0 C8 `4 @( x/ F1 G" z; R9 xerrorcode = graphresult(); 4 l4 I0 B; @ T7 i! J* Z' p8 }
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */ 1 J) g9 y' J0 H! L
{
- b/ L+ K1 C& a+ C# W" Zprintf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); ' h8 X2 w! _- g+ j3 O
printf("Press any key to halt:"); # j x7 m6 w+ ?2 ^
getch();
, S) j% u% Z8 s6 H+ L; |1 Sexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
% w- B6 ]3 F$ d} * W4 l" V3 A. t+ i+ p4 _
x = getmaxx() / 2;
! `$ M/ n5 R1 u2 I" i: uy = getmaxy() / 2;
& P& ?* M* O2 R; g' V& kht = textheight("W"); 
1 c+ Q* t% M, q0 h- n/* select the off screen page for drawing */ , A" A; ]4 A+ i- [
setactivepage(1); 
; O+ b' W; Y3 {/* draw a line on page #1 */
1 {! G4 I1 j: Vline(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy()); 3 {: q, \7 _5 u, ~0 W1 v: k# ~
/* output a message on page #1 */
1 t( Q6 L9 x* W# y/ hsettextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT); * y+ U9 t0 P' u
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #1:"); + f0 j i" R2 S) I, u, B
outtextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to halt:"); 
" W& v# x6 n* m! o/* select drawing to page #0 */
 E+ B' \: [- {9 L. Gsetactivepage(0); ! v3 S) |2 X; ~% |8 O
/* output a message on page #0 */ ' n( G0 z6 }" }& z8 Z8 T8 B; U
outtextxy(x, y, "This is page #0.");
, y# x" n5 l+ X6 M' v# Youttextxy(x, y+ht, "Press any key to view page #1:"); ( n. m! C7 z' _9 F4 @
getch(); , n F9 ?+ c7 V5 V' g) T
/* select page #1 as the visible page */
& g j9 I' y4 s/ gsetvisualpage(1); + P$ e, P" h0 q: w' C
/* clean up */
6 n1 e/ w/ X% z' Z6 a6 Xgetch(); 6 u% M( q+ y+ g# _' X
closegraph(); 2 O+ Q! ~) x+ X4 u/ {$ {; t3 r
return 0;
# B- e6 _8 ]5 p: ^1 t# C. c} 0 J! X5 I0 N6 M- H4 U: h' V

& u! ?9 p& J* a3 Y6 O
! Q" M6 p1 t- U& C3 _函数名: setwritemode 
4 P# s. t9 `" S7 \! S功能: 设置图形方式下画线的输出模式 # @# \' f4 ]+ Q- N2 M
用法: void far setwritemode(int mode);
# f6 v6 F2 q1 l, \程序例: 
# I' O0 Z! |4 {+ P#include <GRAPHICS.H>
5 k' k' M" H0 m0 H) t4 x4 B#include <STDLIB.H>% ^' |# e5 v% f+ ]
#include <STDIO.H>; s. m! D3 M1 `% r, o
#include <CONIO.H>
3 I1 ?7 [0 ~- M4 _int main() * G t' P, J1 M9 m5 P" s
{
 i: [$ W1 f$ z% e5 Y, \. m/* request auto detection */
* }' R! x% b+ S4 p1 U5 h/ P- Mint gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
; _- ?6 k6 y( R% S/ E( i: e( W( qint xmax, ymax; 
. U5 {' Y% V: Z! a ^0 i; i/* initialize graphics and local variables */ ( `( P. ^( d6 N4 V/ |
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); 
3 Y |1 o- ^4 P3 R" L% G/* read result of initialization */
2 ?9 n- ~' }) P! }* `2 c8 @* }errorcode = graphresult(); 5 D' n. w0 o3 g0 h
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
, l0 H* ?1 \, X! K+ h. v4 f% w- C{ : E6 x) Q2 @% E% s) r. ]
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode)); 0 S# T0 I3 h. M- K0 M: Z7 N
printf("Press any key to halt:");
! ?9 A$ \, W" W% Z" K" o6 Y/ t7 A, Ygetch();
4 o& R6 Z- ^( m0 i* w0 V% Bexit(1); /* terminate with an error code */ ' m! b0 [; u* x9 e
} 
- w8 {$ j% G7 L5 L' e1 V pxmax = getmaxx();
- f2 z. Q) V7 j$ O" |ymax = getmaxy(); 
0 W$ o7 r; \5 C" r) r' x/* select XOR drawing mode */
1 j3 c9 r# f ?3 K2 wsetwritemode(XOR_PUT); 
: E& A* Y( O4 `/* draw a line */
7 B) g% @3 y! @: o. K4 Q& Rline(0, 0, xmax, ymax); & H# X' E$ A# I7 y
getch(); 
7 U- }" E5 }& r2 }& _6 w$ F1 y B/* erase the line by drawing over it */ # p& }1 K8 ]' H% r4 R7 u
line(0, 0, xmax, ymax); : B* e+ U9 x* h' ?; B0 J3 i+ G( P
getch(); . J" v% O# \; f7 \& Y; r3 J; N
/* select overwrite drawing mode */ 0 N v" M9 P# G' s. B
setwritemode(COPY_PUT); 
" C: J( U* h% f: x/* draw a line */
) O3 P- k0 K* \) l [9 [line(0, 0, xmax, ymax); 
- J6 }2 r8 w" p+ \7 r1 d7 u/* clean up */
 g& D s p; G+ ^/ `0 Dgetch();
* o f- q. Y$ u: i# @closegraph(); 2 _6 n) C- |; X
return 0;
0 R9 a/ M5 W4 v( K' ?9 J}
1 }, I6 ^& b% P# N/ [
' S' W" ]" c. d, X* ^0 j
) K8 @4 M. }0 _3 J2 g函数名: signal
0 r- j/ C/ ]8 n4 Z功能: 设置某一信号的对应动作 9 ?# D/ ~$ `# q }1 b/ e" b. p
用法: int signal(int sig, sigfun fname);
0 k, N }- ^4 I' }+ G程序例: 2 V9 ]& ?' X. w- o& K
/* This example installs a signal handler routine for SIGFPE,
0 u1 p5 r7 _( I: }catches an integer overflow condition, makes an adjustment + s+ k# Z+ S2 o" S
to AX register, and returns. This example program MAY cause 7 a$ h t: }" h& o! X. @( L
your computer to crash, and will produce runtime errors 9 A+ j W( j+ k1 z7 N& `
depending on which memory model is used. ) \0 W7 E$ {4 U" |
*/ 
3 H6 o1 i5 Y4 l+ s#pragma inline / M/ p( i) B; E$ i: {
#include <STDIO.H>
+ L% E8 y5 s- C3 x# [- F5 J#include <SIGNAL.H>
6 L3 C( B V# V$ [void Catcher(int sig, int type, int *reglist) % [% T1 A: R2 p3 P5 u; ]2 Y& B
{
' s- b1 |( |& i) r: k6 cprintf("Caught it!\n"); 6 g& J; v$ K- {) D5 ]& F/ s& V
*(reglist + 8) = 3; /* make return AX = 3 */
$ U4 b+ H1 s7 }9 @! J$ A& U' q} 
. Z. J! O4 Q* P! N# @- W+ Qint main(void)
* z" Y/ t4 N. g7 w! ~% ^{
. _2 q, e! v" e2 P4 z+ ^( V6 esignal(SIGFPE, Catcher); , G2 E( `0 p: O# ^) V
asm mov ax,07FFFH /* AX = 32767 */
1 `7 P" d: w, f; X6 B- Nasm inc ax /* cause overflow */
8 w1 F- } t9 \asm into /* activate handler */ 
& E1 h: B& W) M- h4 h/* The handler set AX to 3 on return. If that hadn't happened, ) G- T8 y! ?' Z! q% r6 ]! n
there would have been another exception when the next 'into' ( I/ M/ v; H2 J: g# d
was executed after the 'dec' instruction. */
3 j4 l; a9 @" A9 C, P+ `) y2 o& rasm dec ax /* no overflow now */ + S5 q8 Z5 t; l G# T
asm into /* doesn't activate */
7 Z4 ~. r( Y/ c# N$ a' }return 0;
& z$ J* C2 A3 [+ l! {1 P6 f4 z# S} : {) O5 I! O( G1 Z

( m* x3 l1 L) s& w% [" |6 S
+ ~5 J; g! X2 P! ]
9 b0 Q/ C5 h9 a函数名: sin 
7 {/ S# Y' R c: P- M- H功能: 正弦函数
& ~* _% a: S* }9 I( \用法: double sin(double x);
* E. I4 ]9 J' u+ Q/ K程序例: $ W8 I* [" j B( ~
#include <STDIO.H># C6 k; d0 P* q
#include <MATH.H>
9 _: `: B, \8 l! fint main(void)
8 d1 I) ?" O5 g{ * q3 l% t' I( X
double result, x = 0.5; ! g6 o7 [; G2 f+ D5 n
result = sin(x);
4 L5 o9 f' U% r4 S/ z* zprintf("The sin() of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
( e( B8 X$ z% g. \2 [2 H; breturn 0;
* c, b' R, r: V F- a} + f) H) x$ ^3 ^2 f F
! L" _+ f) ?( k5 V, G& ^0 }
+ r, s, J$ H2 l, R% p& U9 U6 E2 B2 U
函数名: sinh 9 M, n4 c7 b5 E( o( w6 l
功能: 双曲正弦函数
% H4 i5 Y& |2 e( {; m( S. V6 r+ T用法: double sinh(double x); ) X, {$ |8 o) ?9 c5 D6 @7 d( }6 y
程序例: 7 X' B2 x: K! D# B; a3 a; y, F
#include <STDIO.H>! J P( Y: T0 S9 }& E
#include <MATH.H>
" Y* R5 q( T7 Q s+ q9 ?" f0 pint main(void)
" e2 E* k2 J0 T% g{ & Z8 [) X9 {$ Y* J
double result, x = 0.5; 
5 E& i9 l4 q) U# M% y- Z2 `result = sinh(x); 4 X- z' }$ d2 p2 l7 Z8 [
printf("The hyperbolic sin() of %lf is %lf\n", x, result); 7 a/ K; c5 o! ^" M
return 0; " U7 F# B' Q, Q8 }9 W- t* k" {5 T, I
}
( ?; k! W% J+ ~, {. ?
' s+ J" Y* X: V! n W [' I+ Z# w. z) m
1 n& k/ p* r3 A' X% h; X
函数名: sleep 
+ C b" ` L. L( u功能: 执行挂起一段时间
4 w/ P" H4 `# w7 \用法: unsigned sleep(unsigned seconds);
4 p' d4 C* n) y" F0 R程序例: 2 @9 Y/ Z9 b( Y$ `
#include <DOS.H>
- n1 u3 w5 \7 b9 J9 h#include <STDIO.H>
0 w& k) x7 q% Cint main(void)
1 X& v0 a, {" f Y) t{
+ k* s* h4 {# V/ |* |) mint i; & `+ }- {! P, G. M! L! _0 H
for (i=1; i<5; i++) ; G6 ?1 _( t0 e a0 \: U6 Z3 U
{ / e. j5 t* E ]1 g( a- [8 Q; m
printf("Sleeping for %d seconds\n", i); - A% s) z" _' a% M
sleep(i);
& C5 u" C6 o& [}
2 ]6 _; h v0 M' D; ]( w/ @return 0;
* K) l# O( i0 O+ C9 g} 0 |7 B0 k7 O3 A4 S

) T; N4 _; ?+ y$ R" R$ s; o9 E8 ^' R: _/ u+ @

7 ]9 `2 E l4 V$ L: n函数名: sopen 
( ?. f# a: I# w* H功能: 打开一共享文件 % `* @) u6 d- c" D5 \+ b5 t
用法: int sopen(char *pathname, int access, int shflag, int permiss); - K* m7 W9 C. h! c, C3 s: @. W
程序例: 
; P* l% b) i T% {1 \) o1 o#include <IO.H>
, N+ K0 w! i1 ~3 | ~, u- H#include <FCNTL.H>3 E: u, Y1 D# h
#include <SYS\STAT.H>
# a# }" A: N; Z2 r% l#include <PROCESS.H> ?/ q' I' m- b
#include <SHARE.H>6 u& o" |, r# \9 t5 L2 w v3 p
#include <STDIO.H>
0 `5 Z3 }3 M, q; f8 G% xint main(void)
9 r; y- g% O/ k{
0 S" y ]$ u! p5 h" cint handle;
8 y; h" O4 P8 U+ O% A( Xint status; 
/ K: w7 g+ _' whandle = sopen("c:\\autoexec.bat", O_RDONLY, SH_DENYNO, S_IREAD); 
8 z7 @( ]: H# d6 ~if (!handle) + p2 y4 a! l( V4 A! J9 g+ u
{
1 c4 s+ y( C# z1 tprintf("sopen failed\n"); + C0 t$ o0 }. [( K
exit(1); 0 y# Y5 d9 R- v+ h9 }* H
} 2 u0 h- j& S- \7 Q8 X* F
status = access("c:\\autoexec.bat", 6); 5 F7 t* U$ `5 [$ r# A
if (status == 0)
( o0 o0 g6 |4 h3 sprintf("read/write access allowed\n"); " x K: y$ y4 u! \/ v( k
else
' F& S! m; R9 g5 Aprintf("read/write access not allowed\n"); 
6 \) G0 s* g' p% v; Iclose(handle);
# J/ @. [/ R; y" F( Y1 h0 M# a, greturn 0; $ J) n+ o6 T1 D. D6 p4 Z/ @
}
* s5 }. H4 U7 C9 b
! D% Q0 I/ j$ S! |4 S2 \ l: f( }" Y, Q8 J0 z* m7 `

' ~+ @$ [5 R7 n4 u1 r, x函数名: sound 
1 u6 x* Y( q; T, A6 J! Z6 b功能: 以指定频率打开PC扬声器
' V3 r2 d: b; Y/ s& ^3 r6 o; c用法: void sound(unsigned frequency);
8 A1 i! [1 O0 d" Q! C程序例: 
1 `0 n6 \) E# X$ J) v) n' U9 k/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.
* L2 s l: c6 v% A2 s9 l3 s) \ FYour PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone. */ - }8 s( L; v" f2 p1 L. E% L
#include <DOS.H>8 ~6 D W4 `2 n+ |
int main(void)
0 j- V$ G; }: A6 E- {{
/ B7 P$ A. t9 vsound(7);
( S/ N d% ?: g& o( c5 mdelay(10000); 0 ~ e" H7 L7 l
nosound();
! e4 J" M# a0 N* K1 J% E8 yreturn 0;
- O2 v' X4 F( s, X9 r} 
7 h8 I3 d B3 F2 L6 X8 K {5 v5 s+ `
6 g6 f% [, F5 V" S' i
/ w6 Y$ Q- i" s5 I* ~. U
函数名: spawnl & b# o# k4 W$ B. l6 d: _
功能: 创建并运行子程序 . E! ^( }+ p- `5 `1 t" l% P" G
用法: int spawnl(int mode, char *pathname, char *arg0, & T* Z& B: U( _( |9 Z
arg1, ... argn, NULL);
* \& v9 J8 w) h+ w/ V! V程序例: * Y1 \$ Q* I5 Z$ A$ ~/ O+ ~
#include <PROCESS.H>
 T) {+ }+ t. R" [; L" T#include <STDIO.H>: O! k( M$ j- u% u5 H" C. m1 [
#include <CONIO.H>
' U* N @% ^' v8 Z) Sint main(void) $ }% A+ W E" ]- ]" c" b% @
{ ; n' |5 y8 E3 T
int result; , Z* T9 m9 c' s$ L
clrscr(); . o) O4 R6 S- h; h
result = spawnl(P_WAIT, "tcc.exe", NULL); 3 r3 c, G. h8 O5 r$ d6 \( a
if (result == -1)
' Z: ]$ r( b' c; i{
/ i, e) u/ }% O0 t* h4 ^perror("Error from spawnl");
: b/ Y9 D( P- Y( Sexit(1);
6 Y9 H3 T0 Z* q3 |# r8 z( k2 g! G} ( @' G6 ?; ], J5 e. g6 v7 u
return 0;
$ x3 h/ x, t* P: C}
& P0 X9 u% t1 I7 q% ]$ ^6 y8 O0 W. U' I+ f8 U4 D4 W

0 q( X4 m J' b0 U$ v) |$ o函数名: spawnle 
3 y ?0 l+ j- [: v9 K功能: 创建并运行子程序
. e6 o$ u# z+ I+ z. ~" p用法: int spawnle(int mode, char *pathname, char *arg0,
& X5 m, l n4 H; H4 q5 qarg1,..., argn, NULL);
, U4 |. W1 C, ^7 ^2 L0 s程序例: 2 a/ w& A* S5 q, Q* P% S* v; Z4 `: O4 a
/* spawnle() example */ ( E1 |$ h- O( T. |2 z! \
#include <PROCESS.H>
3 C' Z. W# q" G4 E# {/ T#include <STDIO.H>
0 J8 S4 |( O$ X" V#include <CONIO.H>4 b0 o$ p2 Y6 t Y$ s
int main(void)
' h% ^0 \& z" y7 x4 v9 k* N: F6 b% P{ 3 H2 U- p' H% M6 ?
int result; 3 f; A# k. P1 y& ?3 F2 Y
clrscr(); & Y% x6 O! t- ~ V$ L8 |( _# e; L6 m5 \
result = spawnle(P_WAIT, "tcc.exe", NULL, NULL); ' }* w/ r8 s: i$ r5 X' g' ]. d( a
if (result == -1)
" c! f. G2 z. z2 M9 U+ f* q# P{
! q+ ~5 M b8 ^* {- b! i" d: a' zperror("Error from spawnle");
/ \& M; A; q6 r, F: q# E/ L$ j8 d4 f0 Uexit(1);
5 C2 P1 M8 p6 O}
* u/ B5 _: Y) W+ c' a% Mreturn 0; : _# F+ s# L0 G" c q8 b
}
, Y; g. y' i" p" H, x
+ t( f+ g; O. A
7 z+ |7 i8 A* k" D4 L; g/ x
; e2 S3 q+ ?2 m* a函数名: sprintf , v0 S5 o" |6 d1 s# `* i$ c
功能: 送格式化输出到字符串中
+ {/ T) r4 v; ~1 @2 }7 d( L9 R用法: int sprintf(char *string, char *farmat [,argument,...]);
4 O, j' {7 M, p- F( M1 H程序例: 
" i. R! ~7 {( q8 O#include <STDIO.H>
1 [0 J! P& X4 \( e#include <MATH.H>
$ }- y; H& y: E0 e1 L: k+ aint main(void) 6 ]6 ]# U$ _( V3 j7 ~' l
{ & E& B1 e4 q3 n, u" {' G# f7 |! k8 k
char buffer[80]; 
% T S2 d% K+ I5 [' V+ ^3 x; msprintf(buffer, "An approximation of Pi is %f\n", M_PI); ! ]4 e! Y" \# Z, M8 c
puts(buffer);
) z/ W& p2 P2 K" Hreturn 0; 9 `7 L: q. V: {6 K
} ' o9 X" k, U. P9 [% r5 X) M

# ~- J2 Y4 c( O- `8 g0 T$ H" q8 G( u0 k" k% i- w7 m
函数名: sqrt 
; i, r. h9 k$ s/ q& ?功能: 计算平方根 + x3 U* [6 S+ j9 O+ p7 H5 l* O
用法: double sqrt(double x);
$ B5 P) A5 o- E C& U4 M程序例: 2 f, S+ _: }3 c3 {6 a' I
#include <MATH.H>
/ R/ O. p6 J4 W$ v#include <STDIO.H>
8 S7 I- T9 w9 D$ H! Hint main(void) 4 E& J5 l6 D# n
{ & D/ \/ [, V2 C2 c
double x = 4.0, result; 3 Q0 C& _/ E1 M q. j
result = sqrt(x); % J* V/ b8 a7 |' u
printf("The square root of %lf is %lf\n", x, result); ; F4 f7 f( S, T& @- X0 R
return 0;
7 g% I2 `$ }# p3 y4 D: |) C! @7 b} 8 G: }# Q7 M/ Q) M$ x0 @- ?

1 X2 c% D O, C函数名: srand 
6 Q B, u3 m: O+ f) G* _: }功能: 初始化随机数发生器
1 B2 N3 W7 z6 e6 d) S用法: void srand(unsigned seed);
5 r" b6 O: q6 l程序例: $ w) t/ D( W0 t+ s+ j
#include <STDLIB.H>8 O6 e6 ^0 f& A1 ^ `1 ^
#include <STDIO.H>6 @6 {% w3 J0 |, }% B
#include <TIME.H>
 q! T9 S# w5 fint main(void) ( ~( G; o6 V" q7 [6 o( O2 \ \
{ : q ~( P( `( J9 ?' e
int i; " g7 E$ c) @" y+ l/ h; G3 }
time_t t; 6 L5 I. U' n" S3 ~" W0 x6 M
srand((unsigned) time(&t)); 6 \4 F1 O! r) \' N+ x
printf("Ten random numbers from 0 to 99\n\n");
3 u; D7 K+ a; T0 u1 l) Sfor(i=0; i<10; i++) 3 Q' e* x o$ m# p0 t4 j
printf("%d\n", rand() % 100); - H; k! V0 G# `+ i" Z
return 0;
8 r3 |3 U" G2 H3 ], g: E& `}
& Q$ ]. h$ X7 D# o4 U6 F# N2 k- _1 n- p6 e
$ ~; e4 T/ @# }, c6 l) Z
函数名: sscanf 
: B; ^! I. P6 U Y功能: 执行从字符串中的格式化输入 0 B; U! H1 y) A; ?
用法: int sscanf(char *string, char *format[,argument,...]);
) ~0 T% A% u2 q7 c5 ?; s9 e* J程序例: 5 x8 u3 z2 P! G% w& H- a2 ] e8 u
#include <STDIO.H>
& f8 x( f6 m5 G8 w#include <CONIO.H>' {2 N, S m' m) Y, k( L- w5 K7 M
int main(void)
3 W5 x" o* l! G* ^{
3 w4 g& [0 {5 u' d& \char label[20];
: Y f9 \/ ?' s: T7 Q/ i( Kchar name[20]; * o+ {; L$ Y1 H
int entries = 0;
* i" q& E% J! v% q) \9 ?int loop, age; # C( M9 u2 t; ?) L/ j3 S) w, f1 Y
double salary; 5 r: O% R: n) c% `( ~" X+ H% g1 o- Y7 n$ q
struct Entry_struct + v1 U% x5 t! [( l2 X. s
{
# _7 I2 M4 U2 ?; k2 O) a7 X- xchar name[20];
, V6 \8 [# |4 O2 O) t! T1 d2 W$ Fint age;
- F' [0 S" |) T( R) j6 x8 B) jfloat salary;
! C; v/ g# _ Q5 c6 L} entry[20]; 
 l% k: F' D! x/* Input a label as a string of characters restricting to 20 characters */ , @+ J9 v C0 E. |& Y
printf("\n\nPlease enter a label for the chart: "); ( k$ I$ q0 U% \
scanf("%20s", label); 3 B8 N- [( n2 H8 ^1 B
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ . A H9 a0 Z, ~; U6 E8 X D
/* Input number of entries as an integer */
 j: G3 d/ K: `* O. Gprintf("How many entries will there be? (less than 20) ");
/ }( v; g; ^; u6 \: P4 o6 T" @scanf("%d", &entries); Z9 r2 A! E. O: R8 e% P. z' G
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ * C8 D/ Q& K4 [ G- {) K
/* input a name restricting input to only letters upper or lower case */
7 s& x) f' G3 cfor (loop=0;loop<ENTRIES;++LOOP)
, H2 c7 v) t/ w& e/ B: [: Y. L {
7 Y; N; _ n N- @printf("Entry %d\n", loop); ' _' J7 C# P0 L! M- @
printf(" Name : "); 7 l g7 [8 m2 s. a
scanf("%[A-Za-z]", entry[loop].name); & E* Q2 U2 T {4 ^' l
fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 
. W+ z% q6 I: E0 n/* input an age as an integer */ 9 [ Z: H: V* T/ P2 `4 [$ D: [
printf(" Age : ");
! O: W3 J5 M c- n2 bscanf("%d", &entry[loop].age);
1 V! J3 n7 Q; i/ P. Q" g+ W8 Y$ Zfflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */ 3 t$ R/ P2 h) d% [* I0 }# r
/* input a salary as a float */
, R0 T2 m" _$ {printf(" Salary : ");
0 z9 h- {: j u8 |4 I! Qscanf("%f", &entry[loop].salary);
# P# W, I- f' [fflush(stdin); /* flush the input stream in case of bad input */
) [9 n9 M, _5 Z: [- ]4 f} 
$ T' K, _4 H5 ]/ q. q; {/* Input a name, age and salary as a string, integer, and double */ " R o9 F( h6 E/ g3 l
printf("\nPlease enter your name, age and salary\n"); ! z. S$ D- E1 h# N
scanf("%20s %d %lf", name, &age, &salary); " @" x' E+ G3 O7 B4 [3 }
% l1 P \% {) R/ p4 y
/* Print out the data that was input */ 7 S" \- a/ O5 H1 ^% _
printf("\n\nTable %s\n",label);
" D- Y- P% [ B9 F G0 Yprintf("Compiled by %s age %d $%15.2lf\n", name, age, salary);
: Q% T; E, o* g* I# z! sprintf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
7 L% T _% N; r- _' pfor (loop=0;loop<ENTRIES;++LOOP)
# ^" g- A+ u1 J printf("%4d | %-20s | %5d | %15.2lf\n",
& I, [3 q2 L$ @% iloop + 1,
0 ^4 [0 x" a7 V: L3 T: x, @entry[loop].name,
* ]9 u9 Y7 \' s, k; B* K" Qentry[loop].age,
/ l: s: _+ j* N3 E; M' b% C* b) Mentry[loop].salary); + a6 _; x3 p. g, K/ D% n+ A
printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n"); - S6 v5 h7 @* T; t6 Q m g/ B, B
return 0; $ w/ d' j k* L7 r, r
}
6 T8 ]$ X9 A! M$ J- H7 H) T9 F: t; [1 W9 {$ D

2 k0 ? t3 S+ _6 N, o函数名: stat : V7 Y' ], T0 m- {9 a
功能: 读取打开文件信息
- L" A# K ]" }4 v/ j& V" G用法: int stat(char *pathname, struct stat *buff); % Q' T2 ]* O7 ?" M* P' W4 o2 Z& N% x
程序例: 
7 ]1 R, M0 i/ V; z9 U1 b8 G#include <SYS\STAT.H>
1 k9 G0 M2 H! m#include <STDIO.H>
4 s/ L' L/ N( S* d1 Z#include <TIME.H>( q4 E5 _/ i: y0 f: A [! S+ A
#define FILENAME "TEST.$$$" 7 o7 _# `3 n" ?, @/ { i- W1 w
int main(void)
. B7 H2 D% P" I{
. T; ^, G% O6 m7 Estruct stat statbuf; . z7 @ t7 u8 g4 `% \- i
FILE *stream; / ?) k6 M/ J6 ^& b) c2 E) E
/* open a file for update */ % G$ @0 T) Y9 K
if ((stream = fopen(FILENAME, "w+")) == NULL) & p/ w7 g5 u" J: l( Z; h" O
{
5 ^. J( J0 z2 D1 Ffprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output file.\n");
+ b( Z9 ~% R- X: _return(1);
8 ~) m4 q j& H7 ?0 X} 9 \* `$ n) P/ S5 Z: S
/* get information about the file */
; f6 J' {. I' y. N1 g2 U7 {" Kstat(FILENAME, &statbuf); - F5 O! ]% I( b2 v
fclose(stream); |' t8 X2 s$ J: l( U7 M
/* display the information returned */
" S. E, N# D7 v7 Q$ d$ b9 Lif (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFCHR) & }2 p5 n% @6 ]+ N
printf("Handle refers to a device.\n"); ' D+ |* t5 w# e7 ~% \' m1 |
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFREG) $ c5 D1 ?2 S. m4 L3 ~! K
printf("Handle refers to an ordinary file.\n");
3 |9 G( y9 O3 V; ~' K1 yif (statbuf.st_mode & S_IREAD)
6 `( ]! R$ R5 P9 _. tprintf("User has read permission on file.\n");
2 c( C2 P, K5 f% ~* T- fif (statbuf.st_mode & S_IWRITE)
% p. m: U2 o. e( J5 @2 ]- oprintf("User has write permission on file.\n"); * {7 H( O# o" j0 p' n; o {
printf("Drive letter of file: %c\n", 'A'+statbuf.st_dev);
/ o; e7 C2 j, F) N5 `printf("Size of file in bytes: %ld\n", statbuf.st_size); 4 g( J2 I/ x7 E$ B1 b' \' c& ?. D
printf("Time file last opened: %s\n", ctime(&statbuf.st_ctime)); 2 u8 m2 D8 y& l! G# X
return 0;
/ l" b: r0 d5 N; W# [ b}
, p5 G& q4 K' e& o& K/ ~1 h& [0 s+ g4 V3 Z! W- t
+ `3 S1 b( i5 ? E' E

- m# Y; V1 a) z( ?+ C函数名: _status87 * @$ A, z4 h# y/ R, C3 z) g1 \1 I
功能: 取浮点状态
, D: R2 ~$ f7 W6 O用法: unsigned int _status87(void); 7 m8 @8 S2 O2 J: {% v
程序例: 
% `( p% m! b6 N6 _! ^#include <STDIO.H>
$ c% d, O+ Q% w3 J# z! s#include <FLOAT.H>; h8 C' J; ]- W4 B
int main(void) : D& G5 L- o/ s
{ ( P! `( R# L& I" k' }: t, n5 {6 t
float x;
, S) X( n, h) x. i0 v0 c Wdouble y = 1.5e-100; 
1 x: O7 }2 v) L0 L* ]printf("Status 87 before error: %x\n", _status87()); 8 B* c e: n! ~# p; h7 @
x = y; /* <-- force an error to occur */
. s# O4 W& I* a( J3 c3 D- k. C% ~y = x; 
4 v- _% S6 w* m2 c0 A% v4 L2 Zprintf("Status 87 after error : %x\n", _status87());
2 K! j2 y. X& b, D' j1 f h, u2 `return 0;
5 y3 a n* A6 p8 R}
4 H: r+ ]7 T9 R, C/ z# l7 ]; V! B/ F: B! f

1 c8 x# \- y' h: F函数名: stime # T h. t- n" K. H1 v' ]# C7 h
功能: 设置时间 ( D5 w U2 c4 k
用法: int stime(long *tp);
% H& \( I4 a% m0 `- w! ^+ Z( _程序例: 8 t) U# t: h5 |% a. v4 @% @* f; s
#include <STDIO.H>: U. c3 W8 I' e5 w! @
#include <TIME.H>: k* _7 R% z* F5 r1 i
#include <DOS.H>, g2 C) G+ b6 p: J
int main(void)
8 D! z7 [1 ^7 T! }% C1 [5 Z{
/ N" i: _" n! y( @time_t t; ! t: l9 v6 U$ `3 _
struct tm *area; 
3 }: K3 k' b& t! B# s, Lt = time(NULL);
& `( g; ?6 W/ ]6 aarea = localtime(&t); + m9 |' v( e+ \- Y, E& D6 q4 w
printf("Number of seconds since 1/1/1970 is: %ld\n", t);
* W. X9 w5 V9 a) a2 gprintf("Local time is: %s", asctime(area)); 
; v$ Q6 R0 P8 N0 @& St++;
6 Q- R/ Y0 L3 N1 xarea = localtime(&t);
' X7 G9 ~- L2 z1 fprintf("Add a second: %s", asctime(area)); 
3 @, K! d/ ~" i5 X/ u9 M3 Ft += 60;
2 h; F$ l# m; v* U tarea = localtime(&t); ' p2 g# v3 A) t3 r2 [. O0 N
printf("Add a minute: %s", asctime(area)); 
8 w4 ?' _# G, e- c$ e. B Pt += 3600; 6 b8 B. n4 C. T
area = localtime(&t);
# e D7 L) R$ A8 P2 h* |printf("Add an hour: %s", asctime(area)); 
0 D# C3 v: I& I4 yt += 86400L;
- i2 M) s5 T* Warea = localtime(&t);
7 ]8 a' `( M7 `1 [ |3 Gprintf("Add a day: %s", asctime(area)); 
# z. {' O+ S; pt += 2592000L; ) ~: Z0 ~ b/ ^
area = localtime(&t);
, b, U: F9 M& p5 @, F1 i; H1 \printf("Add a month: %s", asctime(area)); 0 w/ s" r& W5 j0 v
t += 31536000L; 3 O- y$ h6 ^1 ]. s, ~
area = localtime(&t);
; N3 I! V$ n0 ]5 z* P6 g! oprintf("Add a year: %s", asctime(area));
. s" x! z$ O5 c+ ]% D% H- ~7 mreturn 0; ' p; |4 V6 _( n4 c: s5 L
} ) `% u( T" ?" k. K! `6 M
5 Y2 X' N* A7 ~/ i6 v* r
$ R( c& z/ |' {+ S3 {
, u) K1 J' V- K6 H
函数名: stpcpy 
" d/ Y& G& H, L9 y0 S5 O功能: 拷贝一个字符串到另一个
! ]$ g! O1 `4 Y) i' s/ u" @用法: char *stpcpy(char *destin, char *source);
, h4 d$ o4 K6 Q) k" `( [: r程序例: : c4 K g2 ?! o7 ^- Q, U
#include <STDIO.H>) M- J3 A+ W8 f
#include <STRING.H>* x' K7 l2 D4 H/ ]. @" l) Q% |% y
int main(void)
1 B# u+ A! t, Z+ R" S2 T! |{
" i1 a2 |' S- Q# {5 j3 b! e5 I& Schar string[10]; 2 e- T9 g& k! L
char *str1 = "abcdefghi"; 
8 u8 K0 d+ [# `: Tstpcpy(string, str1);
9 \& I# D" L9 O- Aprintf("%s\n", string); % Y- t: M# h( e3 ^" e
return 0;
8 P- G8 ^" i- z$ v} + p# N6 F6 I8 C' i. q9 c6 G5 O

9 F8 `/ s( m7 n) `) v# c- F
. {3 w1 b9 ^1 G* v
* Q6 ~2 h4 R) b函数名: strcat ( `- n# ^- K R: V" e- x& R
功能: 字符串拼接函数 c' ` P: K1 s9 Y% X: M: u& c3 X# B
用法: char *strcat(char *destin, char *source);
0 O8 d, c- \7 l7 o9 K+ D# I程序例: 3 A% `/ f! N7 {+ v0 ^5 d4 E* Y
#include <STRING.H>
3 q4 @5 h, e) V3 y#include <STDIO.H>7 `7 q+ k% s9 W/ }" B
int main(void) ( }' w+ ~# Y5 M5 v* s3 H6 h; i! [" y
{ 3 C' h- ^+ V7 h j' R/ Q! \* l- P
char destination[25];
- m5 u) \3 h6 x% ]5 G; _- ^char *blank = " ", *c = "C++", *Borland = "Borland"; 5 A. G6 k9 b$ E0 H: W% \! M
strcpy(destination, Borland);
3 T* y, H3 }' o; E& R9 ostrcat(destination, blank); * Z7 N6 s. I% W3 b. B1 \
strcat(destination, c); ' s* z! g& E) n/ g) y; J( m
printf("%s\n", destination); & @, x$ l5 i- t$ L5 h4 `
return 0;
9 R( K4 K9 |2 s: T q} ! x+ q* ]; C2 y6 L: p
$ ]$ m- J. V. k; x4 o, _7 P

$ L* A7 y2 y5 G. V. A& f5 ?, T4 [# ]7 g+ r" N8 ?6 r n! J1 {
函数名: strchr $ X4 V3 B f( s" v$ A5 Q
功能: 在一个串中查找给定字符的第一个匹配之处\
% R7 i/ Z3 ?! }& s3 }- f2 @. {用法: char *strchr(char *str, char c); 7 {7 D; m2 m K% u- w0 ]; ^
程序例: 
" j2 H3 h0 R6 S' W$ C7 v; {#include <STRING.H>
% S: e2 C) S* G#include <STDIO.H>* r! L9 R9 l2 U) E% ?+ C
int main(void)
# |% A6 { t: \5 o, K8 q{ 0 [/ e0 Z) f% C
char string[15];
5 p3 v- c) Z# e( j' g: L$ ~char *ptr, c = 'r'; 
* f6 h$ U7 r. z/ Q# |strcpy(string, "This is a string"); & @* U6 b" l) c
ptr = strchr(string, c); , w2 c* E$ _" i" e ?
if (ptr)
7 `: s2 h3 {5 eprintf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-string);
0 K- t% S6 M$ U! Aelse
# B6 Y% K" L6 C7 w, }) Fprintf("The character was not found\n"); % e6 Q+ H: w" H2 @/ |( U
return 0; , [6 V) X! T' u0 f5 t8 n
}
! t& D5 Y& H; o& i' r0 c
% z6 |) ~) X. B' H& G+ F( g
' T* |, B! e4 [( t* a
) S0 b5 a% B! @% Q. V" v函数名: strcmp ! s: D ^! b" g8 w! F! }
功能: 串比较
5 x3 |4 ?* F* H2 @" Q用法: int strcmp(char *str1, char *str2); 5 U5 L3 }/ f% z8 l( i- g
程序例: 
; o$ V n H5 t# u3 u/ ^+ q#include <STRING.H>5 Y9 [0 M* m3 j2 v5 |/ N6 i
#include <STDIO.H>' ~2 x" H0 I1 J! z0 m
int main(void) 6 C! j- J5 \! v8 W4 H2 e; Q3 w
{ 8 Q7 Z7 o3 `; S; z( o7 [7 U& d! x
char *buf1 = "aaa", *buf2 = "bbb", *buf3 = "ccc"; $ V' y, j) U8 }- o# S
int ptr; : M9 L2 I; N. r& N/ m) I8 z
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf1);
$ ]* E1 q/ m/ I1 n" ]5 yif (ptr > 0)
8 ^5 W2 {7 I: x) \- o1 t& t) Vprintf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
9 ? s g0 g4 u2 I; ielse : X6 I1 W6 D2 m5 H) {- G
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); 
, I! r7 k) z* T$ l' xptr = strcmp(buf2, buf3);
$ i6 Q' ^, O0 b) q8 ], cif (ptr > 0) , w% M! I7 |3 y# y$ z. z
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n"); : p; \, O+ a- O i. s1 Q4 f
else
( V+ |9 _# i0 Sprintf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n"); / e) x' I, Q% ]9 y( q/ G
return 0; % }3 j L6 T, f, U9 t9 `
} ! c8 L. L1 ?+ `% [& B7 u

 k7 |$ p% C3 ~& t/ B- [2 W, ]- O5 C, H/ @. E) q! X

* L! E& i) r( e. G函数名: strncmpi 
# `! @! B& }4 [, h+ E1 k! n5 Y功能: 将一个串中的一部分与另一个串比较, 不管大小写 8 x4 S* e7 M4 e0 K( \2 ?
用法: int strncmpi(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
& P2 `4 s/ k8 Z' E$ {$ ]程序例: - V% M# C- V s" u* V
#include <STRING.H>; r' _+ Q3 O5 S% {
#include <STDIO.H>' E8 ~% l% G: Q, \" ^/ C3 H' l
int main(void) ! i' |1 @' F* O3 A/ m
{
% ~- ]$ ^: m' v( O" a! S! {* pchar *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb"; & O4 B+ C/ l3 w& k' a
int ptr; 
9 L& c* D, {" F2 c" w& s2 |, R; @ptr = strcmpi(buf2, buf1); 
2 @& U' t5 a- s8 f4 w B8 oif (ptr > 0) $ D/ l+ t, k8 m0 f3 r# n7 s
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 
: B5 `# n( Q- _5 Z! a4 L$ k# X6 ]1 Dif (ptr < 0)
& }, t3 t9 k* dprintf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); $ a% F( P- S3 a5 R0 K
if (ptr == 0)
. v5 w: B% J* n8 Eprintf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n"); ) s5 d! Z: l* b6 u7 D/ a& a
return 0; 5 P& ]/ V% Y4 g1 y3 {3 M
} 0 V. J3 N3 L. j
1 F5 x0 B+ X7 Z" Q0 I
1 T/ n: Z9 r$ t
9 N: _8 @9 t8 g) E7 @
函数名: strcpy 2 D) R" s6 E! z5 I) n
功能: 串拷贝
# b- L# N) p( [5 _" D4 T6 ]用法: char *strcpy(char *str1, char *str2);
2 ^* G4 B" |- L5 g3 ?( |程序例: ; I v. q, N3 H$ V/ `
#include <STDIO.H>! R' V( ~. p$ {4 B# j: G
#include <STRING.H>) v1 p; {+ ?; o O2 w. r$ ^: U
int main(void)
2 [" H9 D f! }, C# {7 O% ]' f{ # f9 H! o2 f* Z7 M& c7 n
char string[10]; $ e- U/ X$ Z4 t' _6 V( w% e3 T) H% K
char *str1 = "abcdefghi"; 0 D) A1 ~% f4 | \7 `, v" g5 F
strcpy(string, str1);
/ M% R+ E* m+ q# u) Q" Tprintf("%s\n", string); + O" g& V" r2 F. Z: `& i% S) d; V
return 0;
- b* K5 s1 k* m" {0 ^4 N9 `}
) a8 e1 o0 T; j: {# ] f6 j( y. h' i- m( E

# [& n7 B% f% D. F3 f
- X9 l. Y3 h4 V! M6 \) h6 Z2 @" U6 v+ k函数名: strcspn 
- [. l. U. L( u" T* I功能: 在串中查找第一个给定字符集内容的段
- V+ T3 M7 w- H& z5 H" }, \# e' J% R用法: int strcspn(char *str1, char *str2);
, ]% W7 I8 s7 Y; Z* W8 D, G8 ~程序例: 
2 [' v3 |" Z6 m9 i" J+ h& z#include <STDIO.H>
* L/ l3 x8 P5 K3 ]0 e# S#include <STRING.H>
0 i* ?5 g: o% ]( Q#include <ALLOC.H>
$ B: H# a+ D( e; pint main(void) 2 B5 c0 Y& U- {" y; t/ ^. y
{
) q7 Z! k' u% N0 g1 N! B8 h( Zchar *string1 = "1234567890"; 5 X0 M* \) \* r$ S+ V- M
char *string2 = "747DC8";
, ~8 n$ ^. G5 k J( Rint length; # g% m% g2 `3 K" H
length = strcspn(string1, string2); , y$ K0 |$ C$ G: x4 n+ x
printf("Character where strings intersect is at position %d\n", length); 
2 x% h- p- ~4 g* [0 v# O6 \return 0;
; u! k% `, Z9 a( T8 A}
3 f9 p& J+ E( V/ f$ H3 V. k6 O8 Q* o7 Z- \1 \8 p
5 q5 d) [' Y1 q. o3 J# o1 d

# L) A3 y8 k; n% G8 i函数名: strdup ! e% |; U1 D" ~4 ]) r
功能: 将串拷贝到新建的位置处
% i# r0 q6 U. c- v用法: char *strdup(char *str); 9 U( x" y9 G$ y& v+ }7 b
程序例: 
! n( I. X! \ K5 D#include <STDIO.H>
5 L0 o- t! A3 ~#include <STRING.H>0 |0 k3 S. @- @- p/ b
#include <ALLOC.H>
! J7 \* c( z0 M" l6 Z) [, uint main(void) & h; Q# {; m. ]4 J8 ]0 D) U
{ # v' O2 z! J o7 f
char *dup_str, *string = "abcde"; 
; @# Q* n) _6 H4 bdup_str = strdup(string);
- z9 B. p9 B6 n7 C) Mprintf("%s\n", dup_str); " ?! m" [* r/ X2 {: ~ p
free(dup_str); ) J1 M1 s# a4 \
return 0;
' S8 t1 @. g+ {6 B7 [}
2 k2 ~# _$ B" r. H: b: Y9 H
; }$ I* I. A1 T: {5 `( A4 X8 e
6 B+ @7 W: p2 b- U3 r7 T6 B- U# [! N" [2 J
函数名: stricmp % g+ ~. P) ^. A7 m2 R+ i
功能: 以大小写不敏感方式比较两个串 7 q& u) i0 K c/ {6 f1 x3 i4 J: E+ h9 X B
用法: int stricmp(char *str1, char *str2);
/ b7 u$ w- d r' {$ u2 P5 R程序例: 
* R& s5 Y& X: q" s# |#include <STRING.H>
% _" H; A& O# v/ w1 [; z#include <STDIO.H>- t, [- a4 u6 ~! e4 H
int main(void) 8 i& @; z3 n' H' m# d% e2 ?
{
, U9 v$ W' o: T! s/ kchar *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
: A J2 O+ V S* ?; X# [int ptr; 
4 K- L$ a4 r; p) E% o" T9 t3 u' Fptr = stricmp(buf2, buf1); 
1 d- g) {+ H3 e( oif (ptr > 0) 5 y4 N7 U2 D- U0 x) b+ X
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 
% Y) E5 J3 [% K7 sif (ptr < 0) 7 j1 V" D- a7 F$ f8 {% x, Z8 O
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); 
& I V/ ~% c/ ?7 M* Kif (ptr == 0) ; P# \, m* Y: v+ [! j
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n"); # r3 ]+ |$ L! t: V
return 0; 5 S& P/ }: V* H! r. e6 A
}
& J* m5 P: c/ }$ G1 G* _/ O, U& W3 b" S/ N2 Q4 b4 r

! b" |) z* J& U函数名: strerror 6 |6 t. \, A3 u- J8 F" g, b
功能: 返回指向错误信息字符串的指针
/ ~4 ?7 ]. n! o用法: char *strerror(int errnum); $ t1 V9 C5 k/ _! W! N
程序例: 
2 K0 x2 j4 r2 c; B/ s9 Z+ t. W#include <STDIO.H>0 |7 B( U: ~8 y9 J6 n5 \
#include <ERRNO.H>
0 S+ y, h. b2 U+ W9 |int main(void) . N; N+ B* D* b3 h+ W
{ + ^6 L. Y2 [2 X" f- k& [3 T
char *buffer; ; n+ [" b! R% R0 n" [ ^- e- p/ ?) U
buffer = strerror(errno);
! {; X: P% s$ L% Wprintf("Error: %s\n", buffer);
5 a* g C& d' S0 t& j" qreturn 0; , u7 ?- a, `7 U: v- }1 y% K
}
$ d1 o4 z7 r+ R! M+ D- L0 W
$ v: a. d' F" I) C; P
5 W& V( L6 H/ R4 Y
2 M/ E4 F v- o/ m函数名: strcmpi 7 C0 v) A$ D* {6 K7 e
功能: 将一个串与另一个比较, 不管大小写
$ q/ m4 k5 _* ^! k+ n) j& h用法: int strcmpi(char *str1, char *str2);
* s' M- l3 ^9 k* i程序例: 9 t5 S( L6 [* ~, {3 P
#include <STRING.H>
9 g# x' N8 X% O" i# ]) \ y#include <STDIO.H>
4 j, s+ [7 a# s. |4 i# @ sint main(void)
; b' K" U8 ^/ e2 M{
% l" w) N w! j% G8 h" Vchar *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
, Y' ]; O+ }! r" w/ l& ~, y( Jint ptr; 8 x; n: J! }% ^
ptr = strcmpi(buf2, buf1); 
) ^0 X5 i; O q3 f* yif (ptr > 0) & ]3 c: V4 ` c
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 
$ O J2 G5 f' S$ L1 n- Q2 aif (ptr < 0) ' R# w6 X( v0 y6 J* D R- o
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); 
; h1 N% A& X; U2 N1 M- l5 c1 B, Pif (ptr == 0) . ?* l+ V0 ?3 R% w
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n"); 
! a+ P% k6 K, L# h2 {5 |' L' vreturn 0;
# F. D& g) k5 u: d7 f+ `}
9 x2 w5 G+ j" g3 r3 c* t+ O
! }' [2 ~6 g. a$ `7 q; U- t1 r- L# z8 ?0 o

7 O8 ~, F; {2 r) w函数名: strncmp 4 ?' z+ H4 Z$ H# P( i
功能: 串比较 - R F3 j. S# a1 u. C; W
用法: int strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int maxlen); : ]7 J3 d) r& ]* d; W R
程序例: 
' G$ [$ Y5 c' \1 a8 z, ]#include <STRING.H>5 H/ }7 G/ G$ y1 ~% f
#include <STDIO.H>
4 i# D3 I! t& N' z) A& b7 S) _int main(void) 
1 v1 h/ r( K. F9 k9 w ~3 u{ 0 T, x2 L1 C" _9 W% }# p
char *buf1 = "aaabbb", *buf2 = "bbbccc", *buf3 = "ccc";
2 w( R. g$ e7 ]. {$ Z$ Qint ptr; 
/ [6 q+ A2 I3 Q3 f( j) \8 J6 x5 xptr = strncmp(buf2,buf1,3);
2 o3 ?$ f5 l9 _5 V/ Zif (ptr > 0)
0 l! a9 _2 o7 w1 y- I$ [/ }* L, @printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 4 E, q. d: |; H& q5 w
else
+ n6 ] G7 J, s+ o' a$ [+ `+ `+ Pprintf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); & C3 v8 D! u8 P/ [+ ~
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf3,3);
$ Q3 j) U$ Q% Bif (ptr > 0)
: ~% r: G: O; R: |/ {( Nprintf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n"); / Q8 {$ F# n3 Y& `) M% U
else , i [% T5 j$ c2 F. O
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n"); 5 h1 \5 z$ L1 E# z, l, u. j2 v, d
return(0);
7 ]) i" i2 q3 Y8 D# x} _: u' t; X& T$ k

. Q- O5 Y3 D* Z
. v- Y3 H2 V) q% [% y& n, n8 ~函数名: strncmpi 
* ~ j4 p6 Y6 X/ A1 n功能: 把串中的一部分与另一串中的一部分比较, 不管大小写 7 k( ]) V/ k+ E
用法: int strncmpi(char *str1, char *str2); + U9 {, h8 m7 D% M9 {0 i5 v, ]
程序例: 
$ l- I8 C ~) ~* d5 y) [, Z6 m#include <STRING.H>% D" G) t* @ ^" Y% ]* |
#include <STDIO.H>0 d! X0 G% I, b0 H# |( @7 O
int main(void) - b+ V3 H* R) y$ E) A$ a! q% k
{ B S' R' @- ]# O z* z) p( P: d; n
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
5 P5 t! F% i& W5 S" U! V3 aint ptr; 
! \( D, r* `# Z! N1 [9 K4 Iptr = strncmpi(buf2,buf1,3); 
9 C* a0 Q9 h: x! k( gif (ptr > 0) ) D- z" a# l5 i" `
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 
6 s9 g. v. b3 s1 Iif (ptr < 0)
/ P% K; O6 n2 u% D% C9 I2 ?+ oprintf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); ; ?) C Q/ @& T x/ }
if (ptr == 0)
" M0 ], y c. } [$ g1 b6 M6 Bprintf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n"); ' _5 g: {0 Y) T K- M; e. M
return 0; 
 f% g2 n5 I" A, z3 }0 n} - k0 u3 g+ _. R. m- u" Y: f3 a
( ^2 E! x! v% a9 {# l) c% s( C

, m# B/ v! h: t1 L: G B# T函数名: strncpy 
& C2 e2 Z* ?$ x功能: 串拷贝 $ s; T3 G* \. L' ^
用法: char *strncpy(char *destin, char *source, int maxlen);
2 |+ k7 C: v. M程序例: 
 n) n2 q# s# H6 Z0 C#include <STDIO.H>
. d7 K% z0 b9 P* }; L2 p#include <STRING.H>
+ h e9 S2 _8 C5 ~int main(void) ; g3 O' @5 o/ N4 S
{ 5 ` S- Q8 K7 B8 h' o! W7 O
char string[10];
" m- h5 _2 `* i2 h6 Achar *str1 = "abcdefghi"; $ m0 F/ a3 m& U6 Y: E
strncpy(string, str1, 3);
6 W1 u( Y! y w! jstring[3] = '\0'; ) M- N8 ^! w6 _& d' J2 j
printf("%s\n", string); 0 h! ^& N& {: M) r: @- R% O2 ~# Z7 s
return 0; 3 F% ^5 P1 X: ~2 W2 z6 c5 T* |
} + i0 ]9 i I" G

" i/ S& R! f/ u; J( B" `7 f1 C, t5 x& U% S: ~
函数名: strnicmp 5 R, L; {; X9 s# j
功能: 不注重大小写地比较两个串 - f! ^( c$ s/ u7 c# V# j- f/ n* m1 @
用法: int strnicmp(char *str1, char *str2, unsigned maxlen);
: W4 k' S! X1 b) Y程序例: 0 G4 Z! L: k$ C
#include <STRING.H>5 T4 |9 f. `7 L7 d' t" G3 Y9 ^ y
#include <STDIO.H>, u5 @9 U! _2 z( F+ _' s9 K0 d" i
int main(void)
# U I s# H3 P4 p/ u& ^5 ]. [{ 9 H' r, I H3 k7 x/ |
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
9 A! a2 v, G l2 B0 U: _/ r3 rint ptr; ! O! ] R! A, b2 N7 k' t( s( _
ptr = strnicmp(buf2, buf1, 3); G9 n- k+ `" ]: U
if (ptr > 0)
: I; {0 u9 j$ D2 A5 v, u8 c* Gprintf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n"); 8 m1 t6 M5 K/ @
if (ptr < 0) ( l$ j5 O9 w, D+ T) ]
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n"); ! x/ z( l V- O- n! F
if (ptr == 0)
2 o" k) V9 u0 F; n! p2 \printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n"); ; }% A% z) a/ k! w+ a
return 0;
/ U5 `7 q( a- p. N: |& p/ i} 5 J n2 @; l4 Z+ x4 P
% \$ D& `% u; e$ |% u. ?
, X; |- H0 P9 V1 ^! j) ]6 X

/ j3 \9 [5 d# w; J8 V4 B! S函数名: strnset $ r; Y; a$ v2 \9 r- M& I; [
功能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
$ V5 E8 g9 p' {$ p& @) [用法: char *strnset(char *str, char ch, unsigned n); + y/ F; V0 j) a0 m
程序例: 
+ @6 c5 G5 q! w: V2 \) S8 K#include <STDIO.H>
* u$ Z: ?8 P# u4 K#include <STRING.H>% A5 k& [) Q% C( }8 u5 \' j3 V7 g4 Q
int main(void) " R$ a+ L- d8 ]" W
{
0 m6 F0 o! V* S8 d8 v. q* Vchar *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
3 h0 b T- L0 F- O) F- |char letter = 'x'; 
+ t2 e4 j2 V3 Gprintf("string before strnset: %s\n", string); 2 d; z0 g+ p) ]6 ^2 {! E
strnset(string, letter, 13); % X' q# M7 j5 ~1 O
printf("string after strnset: %s\n", string); 2 z) L" \# p7 u) W6 R
return 0; 7 I1 W7 t4 Y+ k6 n
}
 z+ l1 \% }/ y( A7 w; ~2 s
7 o/ d- A6 A. Q1 S( Q. G: e) G, y, c: y0 e- J: b4 d# L9 n# x+ S5 y
函数名: strpbrk + [# _: l4 @( D; L& v& N
功能: 在串中查找给定字符集中的字符 2 a N6 J9 D/ o5 n0 g
用法: char *strpbrk(char *str1, char *str2);
1 P. h- v$ v5 M+ ~程序例: 6 ]2 w5 J: s: i6 L( G' P% r0 j
#include <STDIO.H>
) G/ e; X: Z1 H#include <STRING.H>
9 U8 _8 c8 f1 A q3 @" J. O# {int main(void) ! Y7 [$ m5 A, u
{
; O1 N( |& O8 n" kchar *string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"; % q( u U$ I% a2 C
char *string2 = "onm"; 9 W8 [7 n' B1 {, Y/ u/ @8 e8 _) {
char *ptr; 4 ?4 ~& W F) i1 ~( e
ptr = strpbrk(string1, string2); 
6 l6 B9 ?! [9 h- Z" e' {if (ptr) 0 h( R- M7 Y" _' O, ? z
printf("strpbrk found first character: %c\n", *ptr); . I( n8 X* w8 v7 G; R1 a8 b7 M' W
else
1 ~1 t! f$ _; w& i0 s2 H6 Lprintf("strpbrk didn't find character in set\n"); ; w, S" F0 J) n& X; b4 a
return 0;
# G. z o K# e/ e0 d} 4 i( {% x6 U) `5 p) J y
( `* m, r; `5 p0 S
' E* ~4 ^( S2 L! K# b$ k; g. [
' s2 c0 I" j5 y6 ?( C6 c3 k) n
函数名: strrchr 9 Q, Z5 X- z+ f; N- r
功能: 在串中查找指定字符的最后一个出现
1 [# q1 [2 D2 [1 Z用法: char *strrchr(char *str, char c);
3 i* Z B# ?6 a9 i2 ?程序例: ' ~* Z1 e8 M) Z5 z! d' @
#include <STRING.H>
# _% k0 }* w) M; \#include <STDIO.H>
% p/ V: u# O0 [% a1 G6 @ x- Sint main(void) ) Q0 E5 t! h2 s7 x% r
{
5 O) Y& X+ x4 U g# p9 P! achar string[15]; ' m) b# X( Q. n
char *ptr, c = 'r'; 0 ?& \8 W) U( e+ X9 _
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
; ^8 _, G# @7 f( M6 L8 J' ]ptr = strrchr(string, c); ; q. I" p7 m4 u; h& s& k
if (ptr)
+ y0 J6 o8 M" [5 jprintf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-string);
5 \9 F: ~6 p, t6 oelse
) \& B j3 }1 I1 Sprintf("The character was not found\n"); % r4 c) s. {& f" C; ]: F
return 0;
; ]3 o% L6 Q* Q5 C4 V. p6 q. [} # L* m3 v+ N m# l

& [% g; J$ l2 v) N2 h3 a8 {' m- `
) |0 p# {" J1 H' B/ D8 u: t8 I+ p$ U- B$ [4 ?. Z! \) i: s* v" ]. ]
函数名: strrev ) b* ~; J3 V) k0 q; L6 b
功能: 串倒转 / s W b4 q" V8 q+ l9 N+ A
用法: char *strrev(char *str);
: a9 V! G1 A9 J, }4 Z程序例: 
( D9 O' f0 f& F+ g#include <STRING.H>
0 a& ]7 I: ?* m2 `9 \6 g#include <STDIO.H>3 A1 l+ w" v3 ^' F3 ?' T/ d2 l: q
int main(void)
* h5 [9 q7 G1 j, f{
) P7 m8 ^/ e6 P: e4 r% s; X" v+ j1 Cchar *forward = "string"; 
8 c+ A9 V* y5 g1 P$ K' qprintf("Before strrev(): %s\n", forward);
4 h1 U8 K$ r" b) P. t0 ~* I0 l# Z( P( Rstrrev(forward);
% Y0 }; u; c/ q. U- ] ^printf("After strrev(): %s\n", forward);
& Y/ M0 h+ e# V0 M3 W6 X, ~& j8 D5 yreturn 0;
, U. f' u+ |" I% M. w} . b+ M: K4 L4 k& o# K

6 z! {' r4 k( ?& x函数名: strset - W/ D. N$ Z5 k6 [. E2 S6 d
功能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
- D/ Z1 J+ }( c+ R用法: char *strset(char *str, char c); # T- }5 f9 F4 R3 z4 E
程序例: ! L( @' [( N7 E4 N# }
#include <STDIO.H>
6 z" e8 U5 G- K5 q$ l u#include <STRING.H>
! M0 n! G* E# `: Y) Rint main(void)
( w) m4 }. x/ d# Y; I) Z{
+ [+ W9 r8 I: \$ E5 ychar string[10] = "123456789"; : H4 q. x% E+ {" _: N9 Y* i
char symbol = 'c'; 
& x4 C6 d# v' ]printf("Before strset(): %s\n", string);
3 m3 [; n3 U% n5 l9 |strset(string, symbol);
' D0 s" n& W# q; z( _# yprintf("After strset(): %s\n", string); 7 P h! i5 o: @$ Q t
return 0;
- Y4 p. p0 J* y4 w# k}
3 h) a: N0 ]& ~# ~7 O V" ^1 J, i+ L! q: t
9 S: c+ M5 p7 w8 e' p r: f

$ { w+ n" j; n+ F3 L( n) V! i9 V6 v函数名: strspn 3 }5 m2 y. S3 M& K
功能: 在串中查找指定字符集的子集的第一次出现
1 j5 r& Z9 k8 E5 i( Q用法: int strspn(char *str1, char *str2);
1 k9 C- a0 |( g程序例: ; X5 B$ J, e6 ?( I O9 j
#include <STDIO.H>
6 j* `5 m, v$ p; P6 ^0 w#include <STRING.H>
/ @& W P J! G6 Q6 y2 l#include <ALLOC.H>
( K" S" f5 ~' ?( m) V' zint main(void)
3 k( _' p7 X$ c. U. { [{ 3 }/ s9 C% h6 ~& N
char *string1 = "1234567890"; 0 o( V) d. `" t/ ^" k% g
char *string2 = "123DC8";
' K( Z5 r- I B7 E% w0 G" ~; k/ `int length; 
/ m [% [, L8 e. r, x+ s. `length = strspn(string1, string2); $ D. M& ~# K0 T, C% e0 H
printf("Character where strings differ is at position %d\n", length);
9 i/ f+ l1 i8 {4 B! W) yreturn 0; + }; l/ y; l9 X4 d
} ' ^+ o& x. ?2 R8 C( P A! X
* S# J+ V. Z1 [# \( v4 q `( Q

) [$ \( P, m L, V函数名: strstr ' U+ o. x8 d8 u1 t# r+ v& o
功能: 在串中查找指定字符串的第一次出现
7 b4 ?: n' m2 ]$ a用法: char *strstr(char *str1, char *str2); 1 q$ _0 r+ i" Q) M# I8 c5 n
程序例: 
8 F$ d1 W) `! ]% ]2 ~) b4 I4 W. O3 n#include <STDIO.H>
 t- x# V k* }: u) ]#include <STRING.H>
4 A0 K: h6 |0 i/ N4 l: Pint main(void) 3 D( g$ g$ u. j; [( D. N& M. y8 n
{
* p1 Q4 }9 U# Y: N+ uchar *str1 = "Borland International", *str2 = "nation", *ptr; 6 ]6 n; w* Q9 l# V7 w
ptr = strstr(str1, str2);
2 ]% D0 U) e o/ nprintf("The substring is: %s\n", ptr); 1 Y& a" S. D4 d% F4 @# [; l
return 0; : | ?2 G7 n6 X( f8 \+ o. d
} # ?$ |! f) N2 x$ @& A: p! w! `

* H! f6 O, }: _ p8 K1 z& B( R+ j- Y0 r9 y% t1 Q8 A# k
函数名: strtod 
: b6 Y0 G* J5 @2 k功能: 将字符串转换为double型值 0 b9 u, f; Y( p6 z8 t) a1 X
用法: double strtod(char *str, char **endptr);
* L2 [! g! b2 W0 y! t6 l程序例: ! }4 {5 q2 u0 y+ N
#include <STDIO.H>
* b R- y, `7 v, @; K$ V, S#include <STDLIB.H>2 b" t) q X' S. V Y
int main(void) $ j! q7 \# t5 e' o* }4 O9 a
{ $ k4 j% Q- [- z/ B: {4 ]
char input[80], *endptr;
( C- S2 u' T K, N8 edouble value; 
+ z) `( c, d4 D' W6 \printf("Enter a floating point number:"); & o0 V6 \& E: Y# u2 r5 R3 y. B* {
gets(input);
 C: u" U# m5 q3 M$ O- ]! dvalue = strtod(input, &endptr);
 {8 b% N, S6 Q5 N, }8 r, A: N! Jprintf("The string is %s the number is %lf\n", input, value);
0 \ Y% n: [. L q8 e& Kreturn 0; 7 d% X! w2 g; k6 X. B* _2 ^+ M
}
, d% g3 b8 E& D, m, p% j; Z# ]* B! q) m. F& B: a1 y# E
3 O# d2 L4 X# W* \$ [4 K% [
* z) F5 y# o% Y3 i" t
函数名: strtok 
4 I) ~; _9 l' K功能: 查找由在第二个串中指定的分界符分隔开的单词 $ u- k% `4 U: y: e
用法: char *strtok(char *str1, char *str2);
. w* {4 `' J* T3 t程序例: 8 @) c! G# E. h" `% r) i4 b7 _
#include <STRING.H>3 s, {4 \5 C6 I
#include <STDIO.H># ]) b! s* V V0 ~3 s0 x/ O5 \
int main(void)
6 v8 x$ [" d6 c& B: H{
$ H/ O- C. G$ F( [: Schar input[16] = "abc,d"; 6 M3 C+ e" ?' h2 |9 H9 Z9 W2 r! _
char *p; 
$ E4 o5 P. {+ J2 D/* strtok places a NULL terminator
# z7 d+ V. y% Din front of the token, if found */ 5 ~9 v1 \. r2 H$ d: j
p = strtok(input, ","); 5 h* E5 l# Q. n9 Z1 P7 X" z
if (p) printf("%s\n", p); 
2 @0 ?* X# G. ?. y/* A second call to strtok using a NULL 3 H& v$ e8 w5 Z% Q
as the first parameter returns a pointer " b0 b4 ~0 d7 G/ A; a3 Q
to the character following the token */ 4 H+ e' k) b; n- q9 b5 D, T
p = strtok(NULL, ",");
+ F5 y7 T' C. T# V8 zif (p) printf("%s\n", p);
' M7 c0 i1 `8 ?4 }& E7 wreturn 0;
6 ]. f" X3 } T: |# N}
% O, Z( W/ U& w$ D( {
: W i; g G5 b Q, x" Y5 ]0 N) m9 U5 X" P, r; `3 s! R

9 i% u; {1 h) l! B函数名: strtol $ H( B4 f' E+ \; e+ W3 [3 s
功能: 将串转换为长整数
3 ~9 Q( n& {& q( ~用法: long strtol(char *str, char **endptr, int base); 0 _7 g+ B: o$ N. L4 E( ^
程序例: 
9 \8 q' p( }) H9 u1 J3 g#include <STDLIB.H>
# r6 F. F! n- u* @7 ?' q#include <STDIO.H>0 a+ W. O' D) h) y- R# ?
int main(void) # k- z/ a2 [4 F5 h% F/ |
{ 6 Z2 h ?5 _$ U; l3 ]% b
char *string = "87654321", *endptr; " G$ p8 }( W7 E ^
long lnumber; 6 p+ L1 V8 X; {( W( j1 X
/* strtol converts string to long integer */
6 G. |4 X% J" Q" q4 }3 qlnumber = strtol(string, &endptr, 10); ; i0 E: H4 S# Z
printf("string = %s long = %ld\n", string, lnumber); 
+ X& b! [7 K1 U5 hreturn 0;
' ^2 m- u! j8 P+ e} 
; \% B4 x/ Z! ]* U4 Q, |! \4 `8 W9 K
函数名: strupr 
 _ T2 H, r- C6 V3 p功能: 将串中的小写字母转换为大写字母 ; G: P& [1 g3 p: ^0 a+ U2 r: x9 [
用法: char *strupr(char *str); - L9 T6 u: }' d4 Q7 Y
程序例: ) |1 i8 N% U3 {1 v' t2 r+ l
#include <STDIO.H>$ g: [/ f% `, y3 F5 S# _/ f
#include <STRING.H>
) v5 B! d9 X& h( @int main(void)
8 P7 o# V0 V2 E6 x% y4 ?0 C{ 4 R' Q, d+ d2 M6 E! u; T
char *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", *ptr; 
( Q: P! ~) N- p9 I/* converts string to upper case characters */
$ U3 b2 M6 y0 i# N& Z8 |/ |/ B" Cptr = strupr(string); : P* o5 j) r9 }0 y8 A
printf("%s\n", ptr);
1 }2 ^* d! h( i7 N+ r1 Vreturn 0; + _9 h4 j: D, l% Z: b$ ^, I
}
 k; l$ y6 y! l0 f' g* v+ c! D8 N* O- \- t2 L1 e1 ?8 q; {
) p# R3 H6 k( }1 i9 x* v+ B% y8 G
9 H6 E% V& C1 r; }: b
函数名: swab / U( R+ _# g1 K
功能: 交换字节
9 j1 G9 _ {$ N( T! n用法: void swab (char *from, char *to, int nbytes);
# g: M$ E5 P. D3 {6 p程序例: 4 k5 }) ^+ Q6 p9 N O7 |0 n. f
#include <STDLIB.H> ?% k. o; f3 A5 G
#include <STDIO.H>
/ i/ J( {$ [+ Z9 l; t& n% j#include <STRING.H>
2 Z5 j2 m6 B# o+ f- Nchar source[15] = "rFna koBlrna d";
: ]9 p' _% q9 m) ?2 Z) e5 wchar target[15]; 
- L/ t4 c: J+ e, Gint main(void) 3 X4 S% _4 A% j: s
{
1 C [. ^3 U* {; r6 l7 u; I0 ?swab(source, target, strlen(source)); , q$ P: j- x5 [! y' q+ s
printf("This is target: %s\n", target);
' b! N- W! y; G/ `4 Ureturn 0; 8 N* H( o$ V! \# R% c0 B, y* i
}
* @8 p9 z0 Q. [1 p O3 ~. ` r3 ^
0 Z5 Y3 s0 ~% v+ G8 D- K6 B( Z5 A# F5 B. A
" B: w5 r8 R, z6 \# e
函数名: system " ]; n/ s% E+ _
功能: 发出一个DOS命令 + }, I9 @0 S0 K9 Y% N$ r
用法: int system(char *command); 1 T6 e; D: O) X f1 @7 \5 M
程序例: ( Q' ?& t# n# ~% G _
#include <STDLIB.H>- @- i3 ` ^" D
#include <STDIO.H>8 ?7 z: D& ]+ \' u
int main(void) # f l$ ^" @7 F. a- s) A0 j
{
) L9 T$ o9 w8 |( A8 y! Nprintf("About to spawn command.com and run a DOS command\n"); , {4 S3 d% a, H% U
system("dir");
2 t+ v/ D6 u' g+ Areturn 0; # V8 h" V: d' w7 q
}