常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

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Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
* u9 h! S9 i9 d: g; m. ]The pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
" U( E8 D8 B6 H& ibelow. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
1. Logic
9 there exists
8 for all
p ) q p implies q / if p, then q
/ D# D$ \3 W, Y+ j0 lp , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
6 Q" r& w& g) _6 X& B8 t2 N2. Sets
% \, `, o* g8 d2 zx 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
A ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
A \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
; W! |/ f/ z& W# eA [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
4 e$ z) g; s# x; L# DA n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
9 ~2 H0 \0 Z, \; b$ a+ @( R, KA £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x + 1 x plus one
x ¡ 1 x minus one
: \" z0 @: _# y& Y+ ?# {x § 1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
' H# I6 o+ k: P+ b(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
4 H7 S( v1 G& N& r" [/ h- ^) {% A$ Mx
y
x over y
= the equals sign
x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
1
6 ^/ E9 M1 `; I% ]+ D  q' ex ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
x 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
. b/ G9 a: d) E$ B0 ux > y x is greater than y
x ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
x < y x is less than y
x · y x is less than or equal to y
0 u8 x8 l* C  i, S8 L/ z; `0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
" d+ w! T5 n0 a! p( S4 {9 v3 P0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
) D/ Z. o4 [  o% V% X% yjxj mod x / modulus x
x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
* N+ J. [0 _7 J6 e- y, J. Cx3 x cubed
x4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
xn x to the nth / x to the power n
x&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
( Y$ g5 N& I. m6 e+ e  C( u) C; qpx (square) root x / the square root of x
& z9 _4 {+ E% \% Y' up3 x cube root (of) x
& r6 |7 C* |" _4 H2 L9 K2 Ep4 x fourth root (of) x
npx nth root (of) x
(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
8 a* G4 G/ g7 O. O5 j1 y9 c&sup3;x
2 D  K9 v9 f( m" @1 V8 b0 y$ {y
&acute;2
x over y all squared
n! n factorial
^x x hat
+ b5 A; ~# ~$ y2 J; B&sup1;x x bar
~x x tilde
xi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
2 K: h2 [+ }, e% G, o3 IXn
i=1
ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4. Linear algebra
kxk the norm (or modulus) of x
- |6 D5 c2 C: ?7 E8 zO&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
1 I( H0 l& N+ }) e2 DOA OA / the length of the segment OA
7 b8 h7 p6 k9 V" e" c/ m; pAT A transpose / the transpose of A
A&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
$ r; {! x. ^; N3 F8 t/ Y- P: ^2
: H# C; ~3 u6 ~% e5. Functions
0 V; ?% K+ M6 g: of(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f : S ! T a function f from S to T
% H% T% }7 @6 w5 M4 Cx 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
f00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
  l9 B4 H1 ~- A1 V! Brespect to x
f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
+ v, ]. ?) q) f. T$ G2 Mto x
, h; \4 I& E- \* uf(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
+ }. t5 f! H) C3 q7 A+ b2 K; c- v@f
  R1 Q+ r! A) ]) z2 E@x1
the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
@2f
@x21
the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
/ O6 T7 }6 V, m3 \3 XZ
: ^( y2 f8 q9 \1
0
the integral from zero to in&macr;nity
# H$ _# ~$ j; qlim
% I6 U; A# B# f" t1 G0 U9 Ex!0
0 G- X$ P# V8 F( N$ x: U+ r+ jthe limit as x approaches zero
lim
x!+0
! d% L# {9 O& i& ~2 w1 Cthe limit as x approaches zero from above
9 u, ^: N- l" P* jlim
6 K6 @8 b8 H& }7 _2 a7 P9 b& Q' Fx!&iexcl;0
5 W5 l1 v6 F6 b, k! lthe limit as x approaches zero from below
loge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
3 j2 ?7 U9 Y! eln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
: K/ @- {$ _5 x4 n; Yand in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
# X7 r% K6 ^% M% ^* J+ a  U9 XDistinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
4 h: p9 W0 ]3 G! Nby the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
% T* a4 `- G+ ]5 ]* X# w4 [f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
, }( N! }7 E- P% |' YSimilarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
a di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
x + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
. \- d+ I7 y% B' M# jpax + b and pax + b
an &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
The primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
- n, \, b# B. c8 Q. ^and Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
' z0 s+ L+ Z: I% r8 M% `given good comments and supplements.
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NO常用数学公式

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