常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

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Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
1 d, O: x3 e) M8 `; z( v8 ^The pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
below. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
1. Logic
, f2 h; g) ?, r* @8 v  P9 there exists
3 ~( [( h: j/ V- h8 for all
p ) q p implies q / if p, then q
p , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2. Sets
. q1 G2 |" ^; |! B( R; ox 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
; Q1 }7 s2 T; N- f6 z  |x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
, s0 u0 x4 ?9 \1 f9 e5 J: x$ gA ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
7 u2 }' j1 p5 J; R1 ?A \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
2 [: T( q  }$ i$ S7 p$ b) z4 _) W; tA [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
A n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
. p( P6 x  v- z6 [3. Real numbers
: ]- _1 I' |$ k+ S9 l2 O& O# ix + 1 x plus one
9 k' o0 }% j' Y9 {x ¡ 1 x minus one
! Y& [1 C) t# T  nx § 1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
+ c/ S. d7 h& ]1 E1 u  A(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
x
y
x over y
0 X3 y1 b. z# J+ y! Q, d= the equals sign
. o1 \) Y* K' N$ P5 Q5 C# Ex = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
% N  T! B$ X" Y1
x ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
3 q0 h, _4 z: s: tx 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
1 T4 G! W# ~: e7 [& f9 zx > y x is greater than y
x ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
$ s: T9 B- n( b' C& T$ q6 Hx < y x is less than y
: F# ~3 H  z' V) Ex · y x is less than or equal to y
8 P4 q5 \9 N1 |6 k0 M" Z2 k1 D7 N0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
7 _; l: j. x0 W0 Y$ ^jxj mod x / modulus x
. x7 o/ W: m) h  y, ^' t, ?x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
x3 x cubed
0 w' b- s# G" G! ex4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
xn x to the nth / x to the power n
x&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
9 v1 [( K( g( k- Z# _px (square) root x / the square root of x
p3 x cube root (of) x
/ B8 b) Z) ?1 b: f9 h" V# A+ Yp4 x fourth root (of) x
npx nth root (of) x
5 A" d+ p. l$ c(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
4 `# X- `' f5 k0 `&sup3;x
1 g& K7 h, ^; O& p& W8 ay
& `! E" ~2 p" E&acute;2
0 |4 L1 h. O- s) b# \" l& gx over y all squared
( d7 E: q& ]# D3 q0 |( C  Vn! n factorial
^x x hat
&sup1;x x bar
~x x tilde
3 _: I! \0 T' l) f' txi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
5 y* C7 k6 q9 h4 m- @2 ]8 @( sXn
2 Y' p7 V6 B+ B4 `0 y2 ni=1
6 }  o! _  X3 z$ pai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4. Linear algebra
% l& `3 A" q, o1 X& z; Qkxk the norm (or modulus) of x
O&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
1 l6 E( I2 T# K; P1 H' c3 nOA OA / the length of the segment OA
AT A transpose / the transpose of A
2 ^  R9 A! f- |: ZA&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
2
5. Functions
% X% e& J( z' O, \$ t; R6 If(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
" Y. r2 P6 M# u4 g' \0 y: v) if : S ! T a function f from S to T
9 E' F9 d1 u5 ux 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
0 T! G: \( [) Wf00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
respect to x
f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
to x
4 `) _* ~: B" \0 L% h- }" Ef(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
@f
5 K) O! k% X. f0 B: @7 v& h@x1
& e8 k& w2 f/ u. O. q. z$ }the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
; J; c- ^8 L- `/ h0 b6 b) n8 J' Z@2f
3 Z9 ?7 {* e$ o; d9 e$ v& P: b@x21
the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
- ]' |! V5 Q) q# u" h" Y% ?Z
1
0
the integral from zero to in&macr;nity
lim
& J. w0 R* V% c1 R; `4 N2 ^9 [4 Lx!0
, r9 c- ?0 ?4 i+ bthe limit as x approaches zero
lim
x!+0
1 j% G- b! d; \; U: ]2 O0 bthe limit as x approaches zero from above
lim
x!&iexcl;0
* j$ W! P) V; |1 cthe limit as x approaches zero from below
( o) x9 h0 l+ y6 c0 c, V8 h' ologe y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
* k2 z8 |7 Z# H* u9 Wln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
  f' s5 r$ M, M3 N# JIndividual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
) r& D+ d9 Z; oand in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
2 ], o: f9 T8 N# X+ e6 ^/ [4 VDistinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
! _  y/ i9 a- o. a2 [be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
by the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
* I6 b3 z8 c' Q. Y+ othe point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
% m2 I3 U" z3 [* PSimilarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
a di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
x + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
pax + b and pax + b
an &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
The primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
and Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
given good comments and supplements.
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NO常用数学公式

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