常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

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Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
6 b; _" o8 V; [9 @0 O0 ~, x: e) @- XThe pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
below. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
1. Logic
% G7 T! F8 D) u* p& p9 there exists
1 _+ g6 Q; o+ d7 O: A8 for all
p ) q p implies q / if p, then q
p , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
9 G: ?8 |/ |; h* m2 B- N2. Sets
% C# a5 v* G; H( K6 a/ ?x 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
1 `5 G2 G& a* MA ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
A \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
A [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
7 B' _! {, ^1 `0 K% c; b6 kA n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x + 1 x plus one
4 c9 a8 L2 X) n$ K8 @0 fx ¡ 1 x minus one
x § 1 x plus or minus one
: N+ g2 |' r6 L- g( [1 mxy xy / x multiplied by y
(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
$ n! X$ Q2 h% B. Cx
y
+ ]- J/ W' z# [( xx over y
= the equals sign
+ P. |$ K$ ?& I6 `. G- ix = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
2 b# C0 h* @: h( w5 z9 F. W1
x ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
9 a0 u8 i" [2 r$ P, {' Ux 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
x > y x is greater than y
x ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
x < y x is less than y
( I% p2 `, }- B& v  r8 ix · y x is less than or equal to y
( k7 x8 I! a; n* B, B) ]0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
jxj mod x / modulus x
x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
7 m' A# i4 b& |x3 x cubed
x4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
% R( Q$ j8 F5 I/ g& nxn x to the nth / x to the power n
: u. E0 w. r* s5 Q: r8 W1 Vx&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
px (square) root x / the square root of x
p3 x cube root (of) x
( V) @# p& [: K8 K: wp4 x fourth root (of) x
( V0 U+ \! H, K- ^+ b, gnpx nth root (of) x
(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
6 B. Z  W1 W" v9 G* l: i  V&sup3;x
y
: T% ~9 O) D& ]&acute;2
x over y all squared
. R' A/ _& l1 ~7 }/ Q: e0 wn! n factorial
5 F; E- s; z( m$ u  n! i^x x hat
&sup1;x x bar
* z0 X9 h% Z! W~x x tilde
. C) n, Q0 i! Wxi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
3 T, V; Z0 _+ PXn
/ m, r* a, v" J8 U3 Vi=1
ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4. Linear algebra
kxk the norm (or modulus) of x
* Y1 E  e. q2 W0 J5 S2 i& @5 GO&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
  E( r5 U6 v. P0 h& _& y6 qOA OA / the length of the segment OA
% [; t$ A7 ^7 {2 MAT A transpose / the transpose of A
A&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
7 O* v* X9 E+ ~! V  \2
5. Functions
f(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f : S ! T a function f from S to T
x 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
. P, H$ S: U7 \5 d' H; v& ^f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
& B8 r0 z8 ^5 o( A; _f00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
6 Z( B/ x" Z' x: E6 l4 f2 o6 B3 erespect to x
f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
to x
8 |& o" ]& J  zf(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
@f
@x1
& i! N* j' c8 o; d3 wthe partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
( c% T; |! Z' p. y) Q2 f2 n+ V5 [( @@2f
@x21
8 J& V6 k7 M/ B3 Z; ~: j/ ithe second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
Z
1
4 @' v9 E% i2 o( O4 u2 z, t0
1 ^" V' q$ f! M$ ~+ y- g7 G; n; W: U4 [the integral from zero to in&macr;nity
lim
x!0
( ^# G6 M6 C3 R$ s) ^4 l! u; Cthe limit as x approaches zero
lim
# |5 P+ E0 V/ u& y- Kx!+0
the limit as x approaches zero from above
lim
5 r8 a8 j( V. P  p+ K) u/ ^x!&iexcl;0
5 h: m* |9 L0 E9 T# U4 @the limit as x approaches zero from below
loge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
' q6 d0 C/ A, V( m' l- Sln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
! c8 n: X' k$ F4 `: F4 i  e, j3 zIndividual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
and in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
: y$ |/ u1 l5 ^9 x: E! YDistinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
by the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
0 o: w9 N8 j  O' |4 r1 \the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
a di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
5 s) b+ r+ |7 v+ \$ t, K3 wx + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
. C" H, D5 ~" A; H  ?pax + b and pax + b
7 w5 }$ e! ?5 x8 j+ Gan &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
3 Y5 Y8 ~. C% [' l/ lThe primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
9 Z4 P! L9 q4 W" J0 i. sand Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
  D% E5 d" \! y6 |! w0 R# b  |6 Mgiven good comments and supplements.
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NO常用数学公式

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