常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

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Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
' }4 }- y9 \9 Y- q( r7 F) OThe pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
* W& r% o' k- o" }/ Z! q! k9 Xbelow. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
" H  K9 }) j6 k6 q1. Logic
9 there exists
8 for all
5 u( G: l* N  s/ F. ^$ {& M. V1 tp ) q p implies q / if p, then q
p , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2. Sets
/ m! D& D' _, M. v. f2 ]5 Vx 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
$ u; X3 M4 Q- C1 @' q; IA ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
4 c* r* P" _  p. e0 lA ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
A \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
A [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
A n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x + 1 x plus one
1 P* m. l/ W% L, {x ¡ 1 x minus one
/ g. |0 \$ a  N' m5 fx § 1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
9 B0 v% _, V- h( V% j9 X- P) m(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
5 n# {; z: q" rx
$ \1 L* d( E3 W4 r  ^/ iy
x over y
= the equals sign
x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
' i; |+ R" o* k$ G3 r6 mx 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
: B6 t+ D5 r; y6 {, |8 Y6 N1
x ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
) W& T! m+ }1 F$ E* Z: ex 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
! D7 t0 [6 f9 E% ~/ rx > y x is greater than y
9 q% B" o0 N; f  Qx ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
x < y x is less than y
% x9 N( U: o; l# g8 j9 p# b3 _x · y x is less than or equal to y
0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
* g4 V( U- ~4 y4 Z+ ~$ M) `- Mjxj mod x / modulus x
x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
x3 x cubed
* }  r1 L& ^' N3 H' h, K! p9 h' Rx4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
5 X/ k" Q( G! @) _' p- K$ P: |xn x to the nth / x to the power n
% X; A$ x! @0 u5 m6 D( Ox&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
; V+ m9 \( U8 p" t! z8 Jpx (square) root x / the square root of x
p3 x cube root (of) x
p4 x fourth root (of) x
/ b+ t- T" N. a% d& Q* `5 b; xnpx nth root (of) x
(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
&sup3;x
y
&acute;2
x over y all squared
) t# q! @6 e6 R% I$ b/ }n! n factorial
^x x hat
- l0 o- ^5 J1 Z* R7 e&sup1;x x bar
3 |. ]! z7 X, h7 Q! q  [/ Q, k; {~x x tilde
' Z$ S2 u9 t3 z2 X+ c# e" pxi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
  |& T3 m) e+ NXn
i=1
ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4 P1 I" D+ k9 w! y% x* s' D4. Linear algebra
; Y: s. @% h$ s8 W$ pkxk the norm (or modulus) of x
O&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
OA OA / the length of the segment OA
AT A transpose / the transpose of A
) b+ U- U  S- @2 Z5 U) ]A&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
) x+ f: [1 B1 d2
& c, o& \* b; {  P) t+ t7 ^5. Functions
4 R% r% L3 j" Q- Hf(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f : S ! T a function f from S to T
9 Y7 M5 K' N2 tx 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
$ c% \3 a; o; g2 W8 n# Kf00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
respect to x
f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
to x
% x" _3 z6 N3 t8 W" g! Xf(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
@f
+ J- W3 d0 b/ b2 h/ x' F. H@x1
the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
@2f
, p/ q" c1 j3 ~$ w@x21
the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
Z
0 y# z' Z1 c1 e% l1 a4 f' @% n( L1
0
the integral from zero to in&macr;nity
2 }* ~: b* Z9 J4 jlim
, j+ u0 Z% Q2 u, `. J9 wx!0
4 {' @. v. q" rthe limit as x approaches zero
. A2 K( \+ R! d! ?% }lim
x!+0
the limit as x approaches zero from above
lim
' Q, G0 x' Q! S9 X3 Ax!&iexcl;0
the limit as x approaches zero from below
3 o. D# }: a1 s- }, V: L% d$ U' Dloge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
; G$ F7 i% r2 }' mln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
" Z- y* z8 P- ]and in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
Distinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
% k$ S/ O9 M. t2 G* F8 oby the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
0 t; F  t9 |# ]& N) @Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
( T- z2 S$ w/ d: ?0 ?7 c) ~a di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
x + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
pax + b and pax + b
an &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
The primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
% E8 R. f8 A. Cand Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
given good comments and supplements.
" i+ e, x. _7 p5 R5 u9 Q2 D; e3

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NO常用数学公式