常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

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Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
0 F; m0 r5 y. O, {+ d6 Y" DThe pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
below. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
1. Logic
9 there exists
* ?5 R$ A! {( d& a7 S, f+ P8 for all
p ) q p implies q / if p, then q
p , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2. Sets
x 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
7 Z4 j9 i) m7 v7 ^x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
A ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
( k! d+ {& p8 v9 |( E( w. sA \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
A [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
$ G; j! D# O6 D2 p- V1 a* }5 a6 PA n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
3. Real numbers
x + 1 x plus one
x ¡ 1 x minus one
9 l1 N" e( I8 q  @8 @; s% `& X  [# qx § 1 x plus or minus one
xy xy / x multiplied by y
(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
x
/ c  A7 e' [- n" r# U6 B; oy
x over y
= the equals sign
x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
x 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
1
x ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
x 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
x > y x is greater than y
x ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
x < y x is less than y
x · y x is less than or equal to y
3 n& W: k" g9 d, H# w0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
/ o! ~) T( n1 r( K' djxj mod x / modulus x
1 k, f/ K' b9 o6 K5 p6 C; |x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
x3 x cubed
. O  V; y/ H2 p; z: O& yx4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
' @, p3 b9 ?1 y7 Kxn x to the nth / x to the power n
; l* L1 @; E9 y) ux&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
5 O  o% U. L$ O7 S+ _7 V- X& x1 Jpx (square) root x / the square root of x
% V$ O' n1 u) G* Z4 ~5 Np3 x cube root (of) x
+ d" L2 q+ ^( }, A) Y* ~2 np4 x fourth root (of) x
npx nth root (of) x
# O+ y6 }) F9 `) C$ w# \6 A* K(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
' h0 N0 \  x' N- n$ |$ e, [9 f&sup3;x
  T7 n# \9 {8 q  A$ i) v1 \4 my
&acute;2
) h- h5 ?' b5 H3 Q: F+ r9 ix over y all squared
n! n factorial
^x x hat
! i8 Q+ Q, H; K; G&sup1;x x bar
# Q: v) U) O' c7 r1 v! Y4 B~x x tilde
  S& N4 u( K+ b1 q5 Bxi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
) W6 w( o8 o5 F3 _+ l; x/ v- ]Xn
4 `7 \+ h  G! x! ^  s* Y& J9 }i=1
ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
4. Linear algebra
kxk the norm (or modulus) of x
9 `% d& e, p5 XO&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
' z% f+ M4 G  ~7 p; u( j/ L  l! r3 AOA OA / the length of the segment OA
AT A transpose / the transpose of A
A&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
2
5. Functions
f(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
f : S ! T a function f from S to T
4 D+ F$ v' a8 K! N& N7 cx 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
f00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
5 N) i1 v6 |& f! j' Erespect to x
5 }. K) F0 p% C$ n3 {! Vf000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
to x
f(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
@f
2 w3 s' Z- H0 t) d2 z& V@x1
the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
. A2 N, Y0 X; C7 }$ c@2f
@x21
: I& F3 E6 D, z9 T, f# Gthe second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
Z
; B7 x* X7 V: y7 v1
0 G# x, E! L: P0
the integral from zero to in&macr;nity
lim
( U3 W8 w, w4 e7 ]! h7 ux!0
the limit as x approaches zero
/ ?8 m  E- ~- v# I1 A1 ~/ r" }lim
: b$ A/ @+ @! u6 b6 Dx!+0
1 j  F, n/ k- d# A9 ithe limit as x approaches zero from above
lim
x!&iexcl;0
the limit as x approaches zero from below
: l% ^( [! Z  v! zloge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
9 s+ N$ @- A& X& Lln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
and in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
# Y2 t- A; X4 z7 `Distinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
. l: _. Y; D$ S5 V9 L( ?3 {( M0 d7 x* Ube interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
8 v  e2 p8 X$ O; ?. l6 kby the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
3 y% G, e8 F1 M- P* H0 Sthe point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
a di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
5 S6 Q8 P; U; P) U5 l# bx + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
pax + b and pax + b
an &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
/ B6 d( S. _+ Y4 Q3 CThe primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
and Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
given good comments and supplements.
& h) d0 i( }" Q& `+ f1 I! t3

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NO常用数学公式

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