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Goldbach’s problem

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    发表于 2013-12-6 12:27 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
    |招呼Ta 关注Ta
    Goldbach’s problem                    Su XiaoguangAbstract: In the analytic number theory Goldbach problem is an important issue. The authors studied the:[code]<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; COLOR: #333333; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN" lang=EN></SPAN>[/code]A= \bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i},A_{i}=\left \{ i+0,i+1,i+2,\cdots \right \}\Rightarrow B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leqslant x,B(N)\neq 0}1,B(N)=\sum_{n+m=N,0\leq n,m\leq N}1.C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i},C_{i}=\left \{ p_{i}+p_{0},p_{i}+p_{1},p_{i} +p_{i},\cdots \right \}\wedge N> 800000\Rightarrow M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}1DeducedD(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+log\frac{2}{N}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}8 z$ @$ E' M  G, k- Y8 A
    Key words: Germany,Goldbach,even number, Odd number ,prime number, MR (2000) theme classification: 11 P32 Email:suxiaoguong@foxmail. com; Y* B* D0 |0 s2 u( ?; ]
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                      Goldbach’s problem (pdf)
                           Su Xiaoguang
    6 ]4 Q' q( V( b9 U7 r# Q- _/ ?4 k     
    Abstract: In the analytic number theory Goldbach problem is an important issue. The authors studied the:
    A= \bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i},A_{i}=\left \{ i+0,i+1,i+2,\cdots \right \}\Rightarrow B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leqslant x,B(N)\neq 0}1,B(N)=\sum_{n+m=N,0\leq n,m\leq N}1.
    C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i},C_{i}=\left \{ p_{i}+p_{0},p_{i}+p_{1},p_{i} +p_{i},\cdots \right \}\wedge N> 800000\Rightarrow M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}1
    Deduced
    D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge
    1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+log\frac{2}{N}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}

    ' X! `9 ^" d- ~$ ]0 b/ l
    Key words: Germany,Goldbach,even number, Odd number ,prime number,
    MR (2000) theme classification: 11 P32
    Email:suxiaoguong@foxmail. com
    回复

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                      Goldbach’s problem
    8 n5 U9 D. ~, y) C& p5 S, S& o                    Su Xiaoguang
    ; }+ H8 _4 e7 \8 L) C% D* J# gAbstract: In the analytic number theory Goldbach problem is an important issue. The authors studied the:
    2 t7 o) \' s0 D0 D, w8 R: G
    ) g% L5 X' Q1 kA= \bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i},A_{i}=\left \{ i+0,i+1,i+2,\cdots \right \}\Rightarrow B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leqslant x,B(N)\neq 0}1,B(N)=\sum_{n+m=N,0\leq n,m\leq N}1.2 V. Q7 E3 J0 m: T8 ^' u
    C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i},C_{i}=\left \{ p_{i}+p_{0},p_{i}+p_{1},p_{i} +p_{i},\cdots \right \}\wedge N> 800000\Rightarrow M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}14 S, L* [/ z3 `: t/ Y
    Deduced
    2 j4 i: O$ ]! Z3 w/ `. m' T2 w4 OD(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge
    0 ~4 Z8 h9 b; k: a7 n$ m% f1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+log\frac{2}{N}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}/ A2 L$ h% p8 d  F6 @8 K9 `

    & i# b& a! w7 `( I5 w$ ]: G6 tKey words: Germany,Goldbach,even number, Odd number ,prime number,
    1 R& i' y) n  n/ _- Q# ?: s1 j' aMR (2000) theme classification: 11 P32 5 [6 o" A9 S4 r) l0 |6 D
    Email:suxiaoguong@foxmail. com0 [! r' z& T' o. c, F  U+ b: ]$ w
    § 1 Introduction
      q; f' W; d* f1 B3 K, U& K          In 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach (1690-1764), Put forward two speculated about the relationship between positive integers and prime number,using analytical language expressed as:
    / {" x+ G' J1 v; Q# V( K(A)For even number N( i& `( j8 |+ ?1 w: R2 L- V, V

    * r  b4 F8 P( V6 P* `N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}Is a prime number}1>0& x! A5 a: n. H( ^( X

    ! n' {! z# T. c(B)  For odd number N0 o5 p1 z, P4 D% s& J3 {
    2 ~; s( t6 j4 v  d  X+ e
    N\geq 9\Rightarrow T(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}=N.p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}\geq 3}1>0
    + }1 f, @$ K3 j) Y( x0 E* N2 O) A2 r; y
    This is the famous GOldbach conjecture。If the proposition (A) true, then the proposition (B) True。So, as long as we prove Proposition (A), Launched immediately conjecture (B) is correct
    0 T5 S! y7 E' h: z( g          6 M0 I' ?& v$ R: S" w  l/ I
    §2 Correlation set constructor  t( f: c( b6 v- b
    A_{0}=\left \{ 0+0,0+1,0+2,\cdots  \right \}' I/ y+ M- R& Q. Q
    A_{1}=\left \{ 1+0,1+1,1+2,\cdots  \right \}4 T( t6 q! D; l6 ]
    A_{2}=\left \{ 2+0,2+1,2+2,\cdots  \right \}7 W* E& U) Z" p" S$ F* Y, }
    \cdots
    3 a$ `1 g2 b  O! RA=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i}\Rightarrow B(N)=\sum_{n_{1}+n_{2}=N.0\leq n _{1},n_{2}\leq N}1,B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leq x,B(N)\neq 0}1      (1)
    " S" {" X! b7 Jp_{0}=2,p_{1}=3,p_{2}=5,\cdots C_{0}=\left \{ p_{0} +p_{0},p_{0}+p_{1},p_{0}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C_{1}=\left \{ p_{1} +p_{0},p_{1}+p_{1},p_{1}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C_{2}=\left \{ p_{2} +p_{0},p_{2}+p_{1},p_{2}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i}\Rightarrow D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N.p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}  (2)      
    ) K$ [* ~6 G0 C$ }* @  §3    Ready  Theorem1 Z) M- }; }4 X- K
    Theorem 1$ A1 Q7 K7 Q3 e8 @& P( Q
    M_{i}=(x_{1}^{(i)},x_{2}^{(i)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(i)},\cdots ),Is a countable set\Rightarrow M=\bigcup_{i=1}^{N}M_{i},Is a countable set9 t4 c0 }6 e  g+ d1 }8 x. I. T
      .Proof: Suppose M_{1},M_{2},\cdots ,M_{N},Is a countable set, M=\bigcup_{i=1}^{N}M_{i}
    % N2 |# S3 e" P1 l\because M_{1}:x_{1}^{(1)},x_{2}^{(1)},x_{3}^{(1)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(1)},\cdots
      U" C% a/ S% nM_{2}:x_{1}^{(2)},x_{2}^{(2)},x_{3}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(2)},\cdots. Y* S5 m' G7 d# O. k2 {+ R$ [
    M_{N}:x_{1}^{(N)},x_{2}^{(N)},x_{3}^{(N)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(N)},\cdots
    / C8 M! J7 y* H; M. u- P  _, {) R\cdots
    9 T* l9 s0 @! G  Q. m+ V\therefore M:x_{1}^{(1)},x_{1}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{1}^{(N)},x_{2}^{(1)},x_{2}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{2}^{(N)},\cdots Countable
    0 }% n" C' o$ I( T     Theorem 2 (Prime number theorem)
    - E1 l. q3 U( E3 B2 G
    4 s7 ?4 Y4 V- V" {\pi (x)\sim \frac{x}{logx}^{\left [ 1 \right ]}) ~' [7 r  m! b) W
         Theorem 3  For even number x
    2 d. }5 y9 g2 W2 R1 N  H8 Bx>800000\wedge M_{1}=minM(x)\Rightarrow M_{1}(x)=\frac{1}{2}\pi (x)\left [ \pi (x) -1\right ]   ^0 R# T( ^* ?, q
    Proof: According to Theorem 1, (1)  
    # y. T2 \# @2 i: \- c  \because A_{i},A_{j} Countable,
    , D7 [/ A( O) Z7 } \therefore A Countable\wedge B(x,N)=\frac{1}{2}(N+1)(N+2)
    ) y6 b; W. ?) B1 pSimilarly, according to Theorem 1, (2), C countable
    . Z, Z$ B$ i5 N8 B8 h! R Suppose! L# r% r, n/ o" M0 t3 \
          M_{1}(x)=minM(x)
    - e$ ~4 N& ^% ]8 Laccording to (2), Then we have
    . R( N, _: k. ^. M_{1}(x)=\frac{1}{2}\pi (x)\left [ \pi (x)-1 \right ]
    / I5 H( F1 M7 ~2 q6 G9 a8 \4 H Theorem 4  For even number x! `  V6 P2 O% s/ r# Z- P. d
    x>800000\wedge M_{2}(x)=maxM(x)\Rightarrow M_{2}(x)=4\pi (\frac{x}{2})\pi (x)-2\pi ^ {2}(\frac{x}{2})-3\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi ^{2}(x)+\pi (x)                        (3)
    ! N) _$ g6 z' {& k) S/ iProof: According to (2),Then we have
    $ B2 E# Q* Y: d) E5 j2 xM(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}1< \sum_{3\leq p_{1},p_{2}\leq \frac{x}{2}}1+\sum_{3\leq p_{1}\leq \frac{x}{2},\frac{x}{2}< p_{2}< x}+\sum_{\frac{x}{2}<p _{1}< x,3\leq p_{2}\leq \frac{x}{2}}
    6 W* F2 I( k8 i' \  b     Suppose
    * H/ N2 i7 Z7 i* C  Z' N      M_{2}(x)=maxM(x)* y6 X( c; T3 m( [: P$ ^- |+ r
    \therefore M_{2}(x)
    " |: w; w$ k9 m=\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\pi (x)\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-1 \right ]-\frac{1}{2}\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi (x) \right ]\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi (x) +1\right ]\cdot 2# \5 s! g6 B2 l4 F# D
    =4\pi (x)\pi (\frac{x}{2})-2\pi ^{2}(\frac{x}{2})-3\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi ^{2}(x)+\pi (x)0 c( g4 G2 q. w$ B) `; ?7 w
    §4 Goldbach's problem end! }0 s# |7 c# Y2 o4 g, J6 V
    Theorem 5  For evem number N
    ) S* T# N; V0 Y; P' b1 I7 [% oN> 800000\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}0 Y: _( [/ L8 p& X3 W8 P  V
         Proof: According to Theorem 28 `1 ^$ A% K# `0 P6 n
    N> 800000\Rightarrow \alpha \frac{N}{logN}\leq \pi (N)\leq \beta \frac{N}{logN}      (4)$ P5 L' t. T) m2 d3 I* V
    Let   c_{1}=min(\alpha ,\beta ),
    + a0 p& v5 d; f) P! wAccording to Theorem 3,Then we have
    2 L1 C! T; C# BD_{1}(N)=M_{1}(N)-M_{1}(N-2)2 V! G4 \, ?2 K& x5 t
    Clear
    0 B/ E' y2 p7 |/ U( aD(N)\geq D_{1}(N)
    3 Y; x- ]/ F% y: k! T\because log(1+x)=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{dt}{1+t}=x-\int_{0}^{x}\frac{t}{1+t}dt2 `2 [8 G3 X: m# _* `; U. h. _
    \because x\geq-\frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow log(1+x)=x+o(x^{2})           (5)# w: `' H: ~8 q4 }7 t+ `' p
    \therefore D_{1}(N)=2c_{1}^{2}(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(n-2)}+o(1)
    * b& f/ ~7 K3 L; o' z- w: lN\rightarrow \infty ,o(1)\rightarrow 0\Rightarrow
    " O6 e$ F9 r/ C, c6 I- H  wD(N)\geq 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}
    3 s4 n, }8 R# e. V0 s) g. { Theorem 6  For evem number N
    : K* j  K$ U, B0 wN> 800000\Rightarrow D(N)\leq
    6 g, o( m0 S" W+ b7 R6 ~5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    # i8 }( @) D( t( x, pProof : According to (4)- U/ o; O+ k( K4 C
    Let  c_{2}=max(\alpha ,\beta )( b  M" h7 Q" R7 G3 h/ n
    According to Theorem 4,Then we have
    / p3 D& e% E  k2 z0 |D_{2}(N)=M_{2}(N)-M_{2}(N-2)! x4 l- P3 W& b4 _2 p7 a7 {1 k
    \because D(N)\leq D_{2}(N)
    ( ?' a$ o* L; o" A) Q+ m  yAccording to (5), Then we have6 Y4 L) z8 t2 W' W  R( A5 x: F0 C
    D(N)\leq 9 w% B. g" E9 Y. p) ]
    5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    . j/ [: s; m  H  M+ bTheorem 7 (Goldbach Theorem)  
    7 r' }. f+ ^0 hFor evem number N
    * ]( k& c: g& p( ?N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)= \sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\geq 1- h( x! D+ U7 a
    Proof : According to Shen Mok Kong verification
    0 N( d3 O  m' W, a8 t% J$ b+ [6 |6\leq N\leq 3.3\times 1000000^{\left [ 3 \right ]}\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1
    1 R+ \& g& l) K) R9 P% u3 {  n# P: AAccording to Theorem 5, Theorem 6, Then we have
    8 c+ [$ _! O: U( F% c6 NN> 800000\Rightarrow 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    6 a1 A6 e. t" P; }\therefore N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1
    % J7 g3 D9 C8 F) J  w, w! h& aLemma 1 For odd number N# x' B. r6 O1 r, j4 E9 H' b
    N\geq 9\Rightarrow
    8 |' D) j! E3 R8 Y. p4 uT(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}=N,p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}\geq 3}1\geq 1/ M! T/ F3 j9 Y3 r  X  c4 s, l
    Proof et  n\geq 4
    ' C0 @/ f- k. N' c5 l! `\because 2n+1=2(n-1)+3
    " v% n- i, M! I# K" bAccording to Theorem 7,  Then we have
    8 o1 k6 P: U' O1 fN\geq 9\Rightarrow T(N)\geq 1# E! z( F# q/ M8 r1 X
    / v" g0 l& g$ @" Y; s, u

    3 S( [1 P0 M7 U0 J    References
    ; ^, F% [. v2 d# k1 U& H% A[1]  Wang yuan,TANTAN SUSHU,Shanghai, Shanghai Education Publishing House(1983),42.; ^% p1 w7 e' {5 _& S+ W
    [2]  U﹒Dudley,Elementary number theory, Shanghai, Shanghai Science and Technology Press,(1980),195.
    4 |, Q0 f: U9 J2 a$ `[3] Pan Chengdong,Pan Chengbiao,Goldbach conjecture,Beijing,Science Publishing house,(1984),1.. B; F* q  G* ~1 R& I# q
    0 Q. _0 y2 [* O& T. c
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    阅读本帖需具备阅读LATEX文件的知识,作者有一word文件上传,有兴趣的读者可下载阅读。
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                      Goldbach’s problem
                        Su Xiaoguang
    摘要:哥德巴赫问题是解析数论的一个重要问题。作者研究
    A= \bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i},A_{i}=\left \{ i+0,i+1,i+2,\cdots \right \}\Rightarrow B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leqslant x,B(N)\neq 0}1,B(N)=\sum_{n+m=N,0\leq n,m\leq N}1.
    C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i},C_{i}=\left \{ p_{i}+p_{0},p_{i}+p_{1},p_{i} +p_{i},\cdots \right \}\wedge N> 800000\Rightarrow M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}1
    Deduced
    D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge
    1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+log\frac{2}{N}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    Key words: Germany,Goldbach,even number, Odd number ,prime number,
    MR (2000) theme classification: 11 P32
    Email:suxiaoguong@foxmail. com
    § 1  引言
    ' M% R: f* i  [2 G+ X; Z  T      1742年,德国数学家Christian Goldbach提出了关于正整数和素数之间关系的两个推测,用分析的语言表述为:
    (A)对于偶数N
    N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}Is a prime number}1>0
    (B)  对于奇数N
    N\geq 9\Rightarrow T(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}=N.p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}\geq 3}1>0
            这就是著名的哥德巴赫猜想,如果命题(A)真,那么命题(B)真,所以,只要我们证明命题(A),立即推出猜想(B)是正确的
             
    §2相关集的构造! W  b# Q- ~, K9 ^% q' G; I# P
    A_{0}=\left \{ 0+0,0+1,0+2,\cdots  \right \}
    A_{1}=\left \{ 1+0,1+1,1+2,\cdots  \right \}
    A_{2}=\left \{ 2+0,2+1,2+2,\cdots  \right \}
    \cdots
    A=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }A_{i}\Rightarrow B(N)=\sum_{n_{1}+n_{2}=N.0\leq n _{1},n_{2}\leq N}1,B(x,N)=\sum_{N\leq x,B(N)\neq 0}1      (1)
    p_{0}=2,p_{1}=3,p_{2}=5,\cdots C_{0}=\left \{ p_{0} +p_{0},p_{0}+p_{1},p_{0}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C_{1}=\left \{ p_{1} +p_{0},p_{1}+p_{1},p_{1}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C_{2}=\left \{ p_{2} +p_{0},p_{2}+p_{1},p_{2}+p_{2},\cdots \right \} C=\bigcup_{i=0}^{\infty }C_{i}\Rightarrow D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N.p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}  (2)      
      §3    预备定理/ Q5 L; T- a; r: b* P
    定理 1
    M_{i}=(x_{1}^{(i)},x_{2}^{(i)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(i)},\cdots ),Is a countable set\Rightarrow M=\bigcup_{i=1}^{N}M_{i},Is a countable set
      .Proof: Suppose M_{1},M_{2},\cdots ,M_{N},Is a countable set, M=\bigcup_{i=1}^{N}M_{i}
    \because M_{1}:x_{1}^{(1)},x_{2}^{(1)},x_{3}^{(1)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(1)},\cdots
    M_{2}:x_{1}^{(2)},x_{2}^{(2)},x_{3}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(2)},\cdots
    M_{N}:x_{1}^{(N)},x_{2}^{(N)},x_{3}^{(N)},\cdots ,x_{i}^{(N)},\cdots
    \cdots
    \therefore M:x_{1}^{(1)},x_{1}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{1}^{(N)},x_{2}^{(1)},x_{2}^{(2)},\cdots ,x_{2}^{(N)},\cdots Countable
         定理2 (素数定理)
    \pi (x)\sim \frac{x}{logx}^{\left [ 1 \right ]}
          定理3  对于偶数x
    x>800000\wedge M_{1}=minM(x)\Rightarrow M_{1}(x)=\frac{1}{2}\pi (x)\left [ \pi (x) -1\right ]
    证明 根据定理1, (1)  
      \because A_{i},A_{j} Countable,
    \therefore A Countable\wedge B(x,N)=\frac{1}{2}(N+1)(N+2) ( A- E; X) C( ]5 c* g
    类似地,根据定理1,
    (2), C可数  ; I5 v0 ]1 Y; t
    设      M_{1}(x)=minM(x)
    根据(2),那么我们有.
    % A+ z3 Z2 Q0 z" R) f* y$ Y M_{1}(x)=\frac{1}{2}\pi (x)\left [ \pi (x)-1 \right ]
    定理4  对于偶数x
    x>800000\wedge M_{2}(x)=maxM(x)\Rightarrow M_{2}(x)=4\pi (\frac{x}{2})\pi (x)-2\pi ^ {2}(\frac{x}{2})-3\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi ^{2}(x)+\pi (x)                        3
    证明: 根据(2),那么我们有
    3 e' g( n8 }3 s" d  M(x)=\sum_{N\leq x,D(N)\neq 0}1< \sum_{3\leq p_{1},p_{2}\leq \frac{x}{2}}1+\sum_{3\leq p_{1}\leq \frac{x}{2},\frac{x}{2}< p_{2}< x}+\sum_{\frac{x}{2}<p _{1}< x,3\leq p_{2}\leq \frac{x}{2}}
         设   M_{2}(x)=maxM(x)
    \therefore M_{2}(x)
    =\frac{1}{2}\cdot 2\pi (x)\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-1 \right ]-\frac{1}{2}\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi (x) \right ]\left [ 2\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi (x) +1\right ]\cdot 2
    =4\pi (x)\pi (\frac{x}{2})-2\pi ^{2}(\frac{x}{2})-3\pi (\frac{x}{2})-\pi ^{2}(x)+\pi (x)
    §4 Goldbach's problem 终结+ h. S8 \0 r0 C( x" |% [
    定理 5  对于偶数N
    N> 800000\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}
        证明: 根据定理2
    ( d- p3 f/ u4 E3 |- o  S N> 800000\Rightarrow \alpha \frac{N}{logN}\leq \pi (N)\leq \beta \frac{N}{logN}      (4)
    让  c_{1}=min(\alpha ,\beta ),
    根据定理3,然后我们有8 b% r" Z# z2 A$ H
          D_{1}(N)=M_{1}(N)-M_{1}(N-2)
    显然
    + Y- y, d* o1 Y       D(N)\geq D_{1}(N)
    \because log(1+x)=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{dt}{1+t}=x-\int_{0}^{x}\frac{t}{1+t}dt
    \because x\geq-\frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow log(1+x)=x+o(x^{2})           (5)
    \therefore D_{1}(N)=2c_{1}^{2}(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(n-2)}+o(1)
    N\rightarrow \infty ,o(1)\rightarrow 0\Rightarrow
    D(N)\geq 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}
    定理6  对于偶数N
    N> 800000\Rightarrow D(N)\leq
    5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    证明: 根据(4)
    让  c_{2}=max(\alpha ,\beta )
    根据定理4,然后我们有
    : l; I( M- L( [       D_{2}(N)=M_{2}(N)-M_{2}(N-2)
    \because D(N)\leq D_{2}(N)
    根据(5),那么我们有
    , X. G. q/ o, `$ K       D(N)\leq
    5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    定理7 (Goldbach Theorem)  
    对于偶数N
    N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)= \sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\geq 1
    证明: 根Shen Mok Kong 的验证2 M0 o( M" M; W3 n4 C& b
          6\leq N\leq 3.3\times 1000000^{\left [ 3 \right ]}\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1
    根据定理5, 定理 6, 然后我们有
    ) s* O. Z# I7 B/ J! c
          N> 800000\Rightarrow 1.8432(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 5.0176\left [ 1+\frac{2}{logN}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}
    \therefore N\geq 6\Rightarrow D(N)\geq 1
    引理1 对于奇数N
    N\geq 9\Rightarrow
    T(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}=N,p_{1},p_{2},p_{3}\geq 3}1\geq 1
    证明: 让 n\geq 4
    \because 2n+1=2(n-1)+3
    根据定理7,然后我们有3 M0 [+ X" V0 i- y, \5 W# ~
          N\geq 9\Rightarrow T(N)\geq 1
        References
    [1]  Wang yuan,TANTAN SUSHU,Shanghai, Shanghai Education Publishing House(1983),42.
    [2]  U﹒Dudley,Elementary number theory, Shanghai, Shanghai Science and Technology Press,(1980),195.
    [3] Pan Chengdong,Pan Chengbiao,Goldbach conjecture,Beijing,Science Publishing house,(1984),1.
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    我国数学家华罗庚,闵嗣鹤均对M(x)的下界做过研究,潘承洞,潘承彪对D(N)的上界做过研究,他们留下了遗憾,也留下了经验.
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    D(N)=\sum_{p_{1}+p_{2}=N,p_{1},p_{2}\geq 3}1\wedge 9 \) u! H  ~1 h  A2 S/ [- l# T; N+ M
    1.83150(1-\frac{1}{logN})\frac{N}{log^{2}(N-2)}\leq D(N)\leq 4.36166\left [ 1+log\frac{2}{N}+o(1) \right ]\frac{N}{log\frac{N-2}{2}log(N-2)}  V9 i2 c; y8 k  ~$ B4 N
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    若N>800000,
    - u6 W/ A5 X& a则   1.83150(1-1/logN)[N/log^2(N-2)]≤D(N) ≤4.36166[1+2/logN +o(1)]×
    ; B4 s; p+ z' f3 j# ?. A5 _N/{log[(N-2)/2]log(N-2)}
    ; d; f( J1 x& ]# N# X这就是哥德巴赫公式,有兴趣的读者不妨检测一下。
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    本帖最后由 1300611016 于 2014-1-4 09:08 编辑 - {6 b$ V' E9 N' M6 h! i

    5 Z9 X2 O- q% q) S# Q3 R6 c# B% p太烦,可以用一个简明的形式,如·同偶质数对·形式展开详细见http://www.madio.net/thread-202136-1-1.html
    ; I; U0 {: t- T* l8 q' e+ U; g一般的用简明浅显的形式表述更容易推广,如能用初等数学表述这一问题,可以尝试一下。但不妨碍专业研究。
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