常用数学公式（符号）读法.pdf

lilianjie

Pronunciation of mathematical expressions
; {1 S4 _+ v  E5 ?The pronunciations of the most common mathematical expressions are given in the list
$ J) \  u4 _0 Y* V! f' V& o- M: obelow. In general, the shortest versions are preferred (unless greater precision is necessary).
1. Logic
9 there exists
8 for all
$ `2 Q& |; b$ g( C; Sp ) q p implies q / if p, then q
! l; ?9 P# U' D! Cp , q p if and only if q /p is equivalent to q / p and q are equivalent
2. Sets
) D. G; C* V5 O& T; m% _) S& P; L/ {x 2 A x belongs to A / x is an element (or a member) of A
x =2 A x does not belong to A / x is not an element (or a member) of A
A ½ B A is contained in B / A is a subset of B
$ f, e# ?0 H' @- PA ¾ B A contains B / B is a subset of A
/ S2 v- b8 B2 |; f! gA \ B A cap B / A meet B / A intersection B
& t7 O$ U& }5 u8 q" D9 ?A [ B A cup B / A join B / A union B
. }- v6 ~1 v2 F, Q9 U5 _A n B A minus B / the di®erence between A and B
A £ B A cross B / the cartesian product of A and B
% ?+ r! f, q$ u1 c- i3 p3. Real numbers
% f8 v7 l/ w/ ?1 d' E) Zx + 1 x plus one
' E1 [% A# l- ]  ]# @! ^* ^( |( H3 cx ¡ 1 x minus one
x § 1 x plus or minus one
+ ^4 I6 |( S; f3 L! i1 {1 A  n# lxy xy / x multiplied by y
(x ¡ y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y
: R- d6 F; |7 |; A* C  Qx
y
x over y
2 D* l) D) N# t; n8 j, w= the equals sign
9 @# C3 X8 _+ j5 i: A+ z! ?x = 5 x equals 5 / x is equal to 5
, e& r+ k, w' \* \8 H7 V0 e2 C1 T* u: Sx 6= 5 x (is) not equal to 5
! T9 c$ x3 v0 g  {! q# z" |7 n& ]1
1 w! q6 i* `7 Zx ´ y x is equivalent to (or identical with) y
' B7 H1 U7 l( u/ @0 q' ^x 6´ y x is not equivalent to (or identical with) y
: z( H% T9 `% d: ?" Wx > y x is greater than y
: D. q% B3 t2 }1 `; b- Qx ¸ y x is greater than or equal to y
% ^5 z1 p& T% P# q) y5 Fx < y x is less than y
; }" J: r* Y' Y) z' P4 Q/ Jx · y x is less than or equal to y
2 t, s  O" e2 s; `" k0 < x < 1 zero is less than x is less than 1
0 S  n0 a7 z$ m2 z( p" C, [6 r0 · x · 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1
6 j' t9 g9 D5 Y2 k( N; g: Vjxj mod x / modulus x
x2 x squared / x (raised) to the power 2
  o& C2 f  A7 t6 mx3 x cubed
7 Y  @5 x7 D& ^7 hx4 x to the fourth / x to the power four
) Y5 O5 J+ |, f$ ], }- u' Z3 Bxn x to the nth / x to the power n
x&iexcl;n x to the (power) minus n
px (square) root x / the square root of x
: _6 c+ W5 y2 {5 F  ap3 x cube root (of) x
p4 x fourth root (of) x
9 j2 j5 r+ Z) |  P: e4 inpx nth root (of) x
2 L/ {$ X0 h3 N  A  Q' C, }4 L; s% }& m3 ^(x + y)2 x plus y all squared
* C  g$ M: k1 k, Q% p( |' ^&sup3;x
y
&acute;2
x over y all squared
n! n factorial
5 V1 t8 P6 [" N^x x hat
&sup1;x x bar
  I# C. m0 B& q; U' @1 Q+ ?( T~x x tilde
, p; A" V- m7 {2 H  u3 G( {% nxi xi / x subscript i / x su±x i / x sub i
Xn
$ ^& P# x3 t$ e! p# ui=1
ai the sum from i equals one to n ai / the sum as i runs from 1 to n of the ai
7 j( w" F0 u5 \& n4. Linear algebra
. `' Q' C# T0 kkxk the norm (or modulus) of x
- l5 J2 l6 f; B6 T$ j, f. D% MO&iexcl;&iexcl;!A OA / vector OA
OA OA / the length of the segment OA
AT A transpose / the transpose of A
A&iexcl;1 A inverse / the inverse of A
( H3 L/ ], b9 v4 r1 U" B( J* k' x2
9 H7 P* {2 q7 B: `- S, f5. Functions
  Z8 h: e4 ^* y* N7 [) Lf(x) fx / f of x / the function f of x
4 g4 G* K8 ?6 }f : S ! T a function f from S to T
9 u* j5 `% @1 s; tx 7! y x maps to y / x is sent (or mapped) to y
f0(x) f prime x / f dash x / the (&macr;rst) derivative of f with respect to x
f00(x) f double{prime x / f double{dash x / the second derivative of f with
) l: U& W3 E5 G" h# `respect to x
f000(x) f triple{prime x / f triple{dash x / the third derivative of f with respect
to x
; J* s: }. @5 m9 w& Rf(4)(x) f four x / the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
; W/ W0 L  F, w, }& O" `@f
( z, {9 V; ?. N5 z/ C1 b@x1
the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
" w6 t) f, W, l6 `@2f
% v* x; g' |* a% X6 x$ K@x21
the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1
Z
1
0
$ h  ~' c5 O( V  W8 y+ K9 w0 Kthe integral from zero to in&macr;nity
: Y$ P8 f, W' W3 a  Ulim
x!0
the limit as x approaches zero
. {1 d7 b) |! q7 \2 m3 t  u6 z" K1 @lim
: x- M5 t' a5 i) T" }6 m( ?x!+0
! b9 h% z% v6 I6 M6 k; Lthe limit as x approaches zero from above
3 a! J) s. }% }8 R/ M0 Qlim
x!&iexcl;0
% [( c8 N9 a4 M* I& ~the limit as x approaches zero from below
loge y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
) }: u. G- _+ t, l0 Jln y log y to the base e / log to the base e of y / natural log (of) y
Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions
and in many cases there is no generally accepted \correct" pronunciation.
- {+ X, i4 y5 q1 Q9 C, U+ E" Q( |Distinctions made in writing are often not made explicit in speech; thus the sounds fx may
be interpreted as any of: fx, f(x), fx, FX, FX, F&iexcl;&iexcl;X!. The di&reg;erence is usually made clear
by the context; it is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasise
the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms: f multiplied by x, the function
f of x, f subscript x, line FX, the length of the segment FX, vector FX.
Similarly, a mathematician is unlikely to make any distinction in speech (except sometimes
  B$ ~5 Z7 X4 _1 G( ]5 ^6 G+ Ta di&reg;erence in intonation or length of pauses) between pairs such as the following:
) I* {% }9 S1 ~2 U3 ^x + (y + z) and (x + y) + z
pax + b and pax + b
! C& F% G( B5 L9 R, ]$ a( e+ uan &iexcl; 1 and an&iexcl;1
The primary reference has been David Hall with Tim Bowyer, Nucleus, English for Science
% g2 `! E" B& _7 C' S: }3 j& Aand Technology, Mathematics, Longman 1980. Glen Anderson and Matti Vuorinen have
given good comments and supplements.
6 J& U) e) ~1 x3

lilianjie

NO常用数学公式

孤寂冷逍遥

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